Ufulu Wamalingaliro: Momwe Mungasankhire Zikhulupiriro Kuti Mupambane

Mmene Zikhulupiriro Zimagwirira Ntchito

Katswiri wa zamaganizo Carol Dweck wa pa yunivesite ya Stanford amaphunzira mmene zikhulupiriro za anthu zimakhudzira miyoyo yawo. M'maphunzirowa, adalankhula za zoyeserera zomwe zidachitika m'masukulu. Gulu la ana linauzidwa kuti luso la kuphunzira likhoza kukulitsidwa. Chotero, iwo anali otsimikiza kuti angathe kugonjetsa zovuta ndi kuphunzira bwino. Chifukwa chake, adachita bwino kuposa gulu lolamulira.

Pakuyesa kwina, Carol Dweck adapeza momwe zikhulupiriro za ophunzira zimakhudzira mphamvu zawo. Pachiyeso choyamba, ophunzira adafunsidwa kuti adziwe zikhulupiriro zawo: ntchito yovuta imawatopetsa kapena kuwapangitsa kukhala ovuta komanso amphamvu. Kenako ophunzirawo anadutsa m’mayesero angapo. Iwo amene amakhulupirira kuti ntchito yovuta imatenga khama kwambiri anachita zoipa pa ntchito yachiwiri ndi yachitatu. Iwo amene ankakhulupirira kuti kufunitsitsa kwawo sikunawopsezedwe ndi ntchito imodzi yovuta kupirira yachiwiri ndi yachitatu mofanana ndi yoyamba.

Pa mayeso achiwiri, ophunzira anafunsidwa mafunso otsogolera. Imodzi: "Kuchita ntchito yovuta kumakupangitsani kumva kutopa ndikupuma pang'ono kuti muchiritse?" Chachiwiri: "Nthawi zina kuchita ntchito yovuta kumakupatsani mphamvu, ndipo mumatha kugwira ntchito zovuta zatsopano?" Zotsatira zake zinali zofanana. Mawu enieni a funsolo anasonkhezera zikhulupiriro za ophunzirawo, zimene zinasonyezedwa m’kachitidwe ka ntchito.

Ofufuzawo adaganiza zophunzira zomwe ophunzira adakwaniritsa. Awo amene anali otsimikiza kuti ntchito yovuta inawatopetsa ndi kuchepetsa kudziletsa sanali kuchita bwino pokwaniritsa zolinga zawo ndipo anazengereza. Zikhulupiriro anatsimikiza khalidwe. Kulumikizana kunali kolimba kwambiri kotero kuti sikukanatchedwa kuti mwangozi. Zikutanthauza chiyani? Zomwe timakhulupirira zimatithandiza kupita patsogolo, kukhala opambana ndi kukwaniritsa zolinga, kapena kudyetsa kudzikayikira.

Machitidwe awiri

Machitidwe awiri amakhudzidwa popanga zisankho: ozindikira komanso osazindikira, owongolera komanso odziwikiratu, owunikira komanso ozindikira. Akatswiri a zamaganizo awapatsa mayina osiyanasiyana. M'zaka khumi zapitazi, mawu a Daniel Kahneman, omwe adalandira Mphotho ya Nobel pazochita bwino pazachuma, akhala otchuka. Iye ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito njira zamaganizo kuti aphunzire makhalidwe aumunthu. Analembanso buku lonena za chiphunzitso chake, Think Slow, Decide Fast.

Amatchula machitidwe awiri opangira zisankho. System 1 imagwira ntchito yokha komanso mwachangu kwambiri. Pamafunika khama lochepa kapena ayi. System 2 ili ndi udindo woyeserera mwanzeru. Dongosolo la 2 limatha kudziwika ndi lingaliro la "Ine", ndipo System 1 imayang'anira njira zomwe sizimafuna chidwi chathu komanso chidziwitso chathu, ndipo ndi "ine" yathu yosadziwa.

Zikuwoneka kwa ife kuti System 2, kudzikonda kwathu, kumapanga zisankho zambiri, kwenikweni, dongosololi ndi laulesi, alemba Kahneman. Imalumikizidwa pakupanga zisankho pokhapokha System 1 ikalephera ndikutulutsa alamu. Nthawi zina, System 1 imadalira malingaliro omwe atengedwa kuchokera pazomwe adakumana nazo kapena kuchokera kwa anthu ena okhudza dziko lapansi komanso za iwe mwini.

Zikhulupiriro sizimangopulumutsa nthawi popanga zisankho, komanso zimatiteteza ku zokhumudwitsa, zolakwa, kupsinjika maganizo, ndi imfa. Kupyolera mu luso lathu la kuphunzira ndi kukumbukira kwathu, timapewa zochitika zomwe timaziwona kukhala zoopsa ndi kufunafuna zomwe poyamba zidatichitira zabwino. Kumbuyo kwa mawu akuti "sindingathe kukwaniritsa zolinga zomveka" pali zochitika zina zoipa kapena kuwunika kwa munthu wina. Munthu amafunikira mawu amenewa kuti asakhumudwenso pamene chinachake chikulakwika m’njira yopita ku cholingacho.

Mmene Zokumana Nazo Zimakhudzira Kusankha

Kudziwa ndikofunika popanga chisankho. Chitsanzo cha izi ndi zotsatira za kukhazikitsa kapena chotchinga cha zochitika zakale. Kuyika kwake kunawonetsedwa ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo waku America Abraham Luchins, yemwe adapereka maphunzirowa ntchito ndi zombo zamadzi. Atathetsa vutolo m'gawo loyamba, adagwiritsa ntchito njira yofananira m'gawo lachiwiri, ngakhale kuti pachigawo chachiwiri panali njira yosavuta yothetsera.

Anthu amakonda kuthetsa vuto lililonse latsopano m'njira yomwe yatsimikiziridwa kale kuti ndi yothandiza, ngakhale pali njira yosavuta komanso yabwino yothetsera vutoli. Izi zikufotokozera chifukwa chake sitiyesa kupeza yankho titaphunzira kuti palibe.

Choonadi chopotozedwa

Zosokoneza zamalingaliro zopitilira 170 zimadziwika kuti zimayambitsa zisankho zopanda nzeru. Zawonetsedwa muzoyesa zosiyanasiyana zasayansi. Komabe, palibe mgwirizano pa momwe zosokonezazi zimayambira komanso momwe zingasinthire. Zolakwika zoganiza zimapanganso malingaliro aumwini komanso zadziko lapansi.

Tangoganizirani munthu amene amaona kuti kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi sikubweretsa ndalama. Amakumana ndi anzake ndipo amamva nkhani ziwiri zosiyana kwa iwo. M'nkhani ina, anzake amamuuza za kupambana kwa mnzake wa m'kalasi yemwe wakhala katswiri wolipidwa kwambiri. Chinanso ndi chokhudza momwe mnzawo wakale adasiya ntchito ndikuyamba kuganiza zoyesa kuchita. Kodi adzakhulupirira nkhani ya ndani? Mwina wachiwiri. Chifukwa chake, chimodzi mwazosokoneza zachidziwitso chidzagwira ntchito - chizolowezi chotsimikizira malingaliro amunthu. Kapena chizoloŵezi chofuna chidziŵitso chogwirizana ndi lingaliro lodziŵika, chikhulupiriro, kapena lingaliro.

Tsopano yerekezerani kuti anadziŵikitsidwa ndi mnzake wa m’kalasi wochita bwino uja amene anayamba ntchito ya zisudzo. Kodi adzasintha maganizo ake kapena kusonyeza zotsatira za kupirira?

Zikhulupiriro zimapangidwa kudzera muzochitikira ndi chidziwitso cholandiridwa kuchokera kunja, zimakhala chifukwa cha kupotoza kochuluka kwa kuganiza. Nthawi zambiri alibe chochita ndi zenizeni. Ndipo m’malo mopangitsa moyo wathu kukhala wosavuta ndi kutiteteza ku zokhumudwitsa ndi zowawa, zimatipangitsa kukhala osachita bwino.

The neuroscience of faith

Nthawi zambiri munthu akamabwereza chinthu china, m'pamenenso minyewa imalumikizana pakati pa ma cell aubongo omwe amalumikizidwa kuti achite izi. Nthawi zambiri kulumikizidwa kwa neural kumayatsidwa, m'pamenenso mwayi woti ma neuron awa ayambike mtsogolo. Ndipo izi zikutanthauza mwayi waukulu wochita zomwezo monga mwachizolowezi.

Mawu otsutsana nawonso ndi oona: "Pakati pa ma neuron omwe sanalumikizidwe, kulumikizana kwa minyewa sikupangidwa. Ngati simunayesepo kudziyang’ana nokha kapena mmene zinthu zilili kumbali ina, mosakayika kudzakhala kovuta kwa inu kuchita zimenezi.

Chifukwa chiyani kusintha kuli kotheka?

Kulumikizana pakati pa ma neuron kumatha kusintha. Kugwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana kwa neural komwe kumayimira luso linalake ndi njira yoganizira kumabweretsa kulimbitsa kwawo. Ngati zochita kapena chikhulupiriro sichibwerezedwa, kulumikizana kwa neural kumachepa. Umu ndi mmene luso limapezera, kaya luso lochita zinthu kapena kuganiza mwanjira inayake. Kumbukirani momwe munaphunzirira china chatsopano, bwerezani phunziro lomwe mwaphunzira mobwerezabwereza mpaka mutapindula pophunzira. Zosintha ndizotheka. Zikhulupiriro zimasintha.

Kodi timakumbukira chiyani za ife eni?

Njira ina yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa chikhulupiriro imatchedwa kukumbukira kukumbukira. Zikhulupiriro zonse zimagwirizana ndi ntchito ya kukumbukira. Timapeza chidziwitso, kumva mawu kapena kuzindikira zochita zokhudzana ndi ife, timaganiza ndikuzikumbukira.

Njira yoloweza pamtima imadutsa magawo atatu: kuphunzira - kusunga - kubereka. Pakusewera, timayamba kukumbukira kwachiwiri. Nthawi zonse tikamakumbukira zomwe timakumbukira, timakhala ndi mwayi woganiziranso zomwe takumana nazo komanso malingaliro omwe tinali nawo kale. Ndiyeno zikhulupiriro zomwe zasinthidwa kale zidzasungidwa mu kukumbukira. Ngati n’zotheka kusintha, kodi mumasiya bwanji zikhulupiriro zoipa n’kuikamo zimene zingakuthandizeni kuti zinthu zizikuyenderani bwino?

Kuchiritsa ndi chidziwitso

Carol Dweck anauza ana asukulu kuti anthu onse ndi ophunzitsika ndipo aliyense akhoza kukulitsa luso lawo. Mwanjira imeneyi, anathandiza ana kukhala ndi maganizo amtundu wina—kukula maganizo.

Pakuyesa kwina, maphunziro adapeza mayankho ochulukirapo pomwe wotsogolera adawachenjeza kuti asapusitsidwe. Kudziwa kuti mumasankha njira yanu yoganizira kumakuthandizani kusintha maganizo anu.

Kulingaliranso Makhalidwe

Lamulo la neuropsychologist Donald Hebb, yemwe adaphunzira kufunikira kwa ma neuron pakuphunzira, ndikuti zomwe timatchera khutu zimakulitsidwa. Kuti musinthe chikhulupiriro, muyenera kuphunzira momwe mungasinthire malingaliro pazomwe mwapeza.

Ngati mukuganiza kuti nthawi zonse mumakhala opanda mwayi, kumbukirani nthawi zomwe izi sizinatsimikizidwe. Afotokozereni, awerengeni, afotokozereni. Kodi mungatchulidwedi kuti ndinu munthu watsoka?

Kumbukirani nthawi zomwe simunachite bwino. Mukuganiza kuti zitha kuipiraipira? Kodi chingachitike ndi chiyani pazochitika zosasangalatsa kwambiri? Kodi mumadzionabe kuti ndinu opanda mwayi panopa?

Mkhalidwe uliwonse, zochita kapena zochitika zitha kuwonedwa mosiyanasiyana. Zimakhala zofanana ndi kuyang'ana mapiri kuchokera pamtunda wa ndege, kuchokera pamwamba pa phiri kapena m'munsi mwake. Nthawi iliyonse chithunzicho chidzakhala chosiyana.

Akukhulupirira ndani?

Pamene ndinali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, ndinathera mashifiti aŵiri otsatizana mumsasa wa apainiya. Ndinamaliza kusintha koyamba ndi malongosoledwe osasangalatsa a atsogoleri a upainiya. Kusinthako kunatha, alangizi anasintha, koma ine ndinakhala. Mtsogoleri wa kusintha kwachiwiri mosayembekezereka adawona kuthekera mwa ine ndipo adandisankha kukhala wamkulu wa gululo, yemwe ali ndi udindo wowongolera gululo komanso m'mawa uliwonse malipoti pamzere wa momwe tsikulo layendera. Ndidazolowera ntchitoyi ndipo ndidatenga dipuloma kunyumba kuti ndikhale ndi khalidwe labwino pakusintha kwachiwiri.

Nkhaniyi inali chiyambi changa cha Pygmalion kapena Rosenthal effect, zochitika zamaganizo zomwe zingathe kufotokozedwa mwachidule motere: anthu amakonda kuchita zomwe akuyembekezera.

Kafukufuku wa sayansi amaphunzira za Pygmalion mu ndege zosiyanasiyana: maphunziro (momwe maganizo a mphunzitsi amakhudzira luso la ophunzira), kasamalidwe (momwe kudalira ndi kulimbikitsidwa kwa matalente ndi mtsogoleri kumakhudzira kuulula kwawo), masewera (momwe mphunzitsi amathandizira chiwonetsero champhamvu za othamanga) ndi ena.

Nthawi zonse, ubale wabwino umatsimikiziridwa moyesera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati wina atikhulupirira, timatha kuchita zambiri.

Malingaliro okhudza inuyo ndi dziko lapansi angakuthandizeni kuthana ndi ntchito zovuta, kukhala opindulitsa komanso opambana, ndikukwaniritsa zolinga. Kuti muchite izi, phunzirani kusankha zikhulupiriro zoyenera kapena kuzisintha. Poyamba, osachepera khulupirirani izo.