Will Tuttle, Ph.D., m'modzi mwa anthu ofunikira kwambiri m'gulu lamakono lomenyera ufulu wa zinyama, mlembi wa World Peace Diet, wafotokoza mwachidule mbiri komanso chisinthiko cha kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wa zinyama padziko lonse lapansi.
Malingana ndi Dr. Tuttle, lingaliro lovomerezeka ndiloti zinyama zimayikidwa pa Dziko Lapansi kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi anthu, ndipo nkhanza, monga gawo la njira yogwiritsira ntchito, ndizovomerezeka mwangwiro. Chotsatira chake, pulofesayo akukhulupirira kuti kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wa zinyama ndikuwopseza kwambiri mphamvu zomwe zilipo padziko lapansi.
Zotsatirazi ndi zokambirana zonse za Ph.D. pa Msonkhano Wadziko Lonse Waufulu Wanyama ku Los Angeles kumapeto kwa Julayi chaka chino.
"Tikatsutsa malingaliro ovomerezekawa, timakayikiranso momwe mphamvu zimakhalira komanso momwe chikhalidwechi chimakhalira, komanso momwe chikhalidwe chathu chimavomerezera mbiri yake. Tonse tikudziwa zitsanzo zambiri zabodza zomwe zilipo kapena zomwe zidakhalapo kale. Mwachitsanzo: "Ngati simudya nyama, mkaka ndi mazira, munthu adzafa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mapuloteni"; "Ngati madziwo sali olemera ndi fluorine, mano adzawonongeka ndi caries"; “Zinyama zilibe moyo”; "Mfundo zakunja za US cholinga chake ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu ndi demokalase padziko lonse lapansi"; "Kuti mukhale wathanzi, muyenera kumwa mankhwala ndi katemera," ndi zina zotero ...
Muzu wa kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wa zinyama ndikukayikira lingaliro lovomerezeka pamlingo wake wozama. Choncho, kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wa zinyama ndikuwopseza kwambiri mphamvu yomwe ilipo. M'malo mwake, kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wa zinyama kumachokera ku moyo wa vegan womwe umachepetsa nkhanza zathu kwa zinyama. Ndipo titha kutsata magwero a kayendetsedwe kathu kubwereranso m'mbiri ya anthu athu.
Malinga ndi maphunziro a anthropological, pafupifupi 8-10 zaka zikwi zapitazo, m'dera limene dziko la Iraq liri tsopano, anthu anayamba kuchita ubusa - kukhala ndi nyama ndi kutsekera m'ndende chifukwa cha chakudya - choyamba chinali mbuzi ndi nkhosa, ndipo pafupifupi 2 zaka chikwi kenako anawonjezera ng'ombe ndi nyama zina. Ndikukhulupirira kuti uku kunali kusintha kwakukulu komaliza m'mbiri ya chikhalidwe chathu, chomwe chinasintha kwambiri chikhalidwe chathu ndi ife, anthu obadwa mu chikhalidwe ichi.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, nyama zinayamba kuonedwa molingana ndi malonda awo, m'malo modziwona ngati zodziimira, zodzaza ndi zinsinsi, zopatsidwa ulemu wawo, oyandikana nawo pa Planet. Kusintha kumeneku kunasintha malingaliro a chikhalidwe: olemera osankhika adawonekera, kukhala ndi ng'ombe ngati chizindikiro cha chuma chawo.
Nkhondo zazikulu zoyambirira zinachitika. Ndipo mawu akuti "nkhondo", mu Sanskrit wakale "gavyaa", kwenikweni amatanthauza: "chikhumbo cholanda ng'ombe zambiri." Mawu akuti capitalism, nawonso, amachokera ku Latin "capita" - "mutu", pokhudzana ndi "mutu wa ng'ombe", komanso ndi chitukuko cha gulu lomwe likugwira nawo ntchito zankhondo, kuyeza chuma cha anthu osankhika omwe ali ndi mitu: nyama ndi anthu ogwidwa pankhondo.
Udindo wa akazi unachepetsedwa mwadongosolo, ndipo m'mbiri yakale yomwe inachitika zaka 3 zapitazo, anayamba kugulidwa ndikugulitsidwa ngati chinthu. Mkhalidwe wa nyama zakuthengo unatsitsidwa kukhala wowononga, popeza ukhoza kukhala chiwopsezo ku “likulu” la eni ng’ombe. Sayansi inayamba kukula m’njira yopezera njira zogonjetsera ndi kupondereza nyama ndi chilengedwe. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kutchuka kwa amuna ndi akazi kunayamba kukhala "macho": woweta ndi mwini ziweto, wamphamvu, wosaganizira zochita zake, ndipo amatha kuchita nkhanza kwambiri kwa nyama ndi eni ng'ombe.
Chikhalidwe chaukali chimenechi chinafalikira mwankhondo kum’maŵa kwa nyanja ya Mediterranean ndiyeno ku Ulaya ndi ku America. Ikufalikirabe. Timabadwira mu chikhalidwe ichi, chomwe chimachokera ku mfundo zomwezo ndikuzitsatira tsiku ndi tsiku.
Mbiri yakale imene inayamba zaka pafupifupi 2500 zapitazo yatisiyira umboni wa zolankhula zoyamba za anthu otchuka posonyeza chifundo kwa nyama komanso zimene masiku ano tingazitchule kuti ndi nyama. Ku India, anthu aŵiri a m’nthaŵiyo, Mahavir, mphunzitsi wodziŵika wa miyambo ya Jain, ndi Shakyamuni Buddha, amene timam’dziŵa m’mbiri yakale monga Buddha, onse aŵiri analalikira ponena za zakudya zamasamba ndipo analamula ophunzira awo kupeŵa kukhala ndi nyama iliyonse, kuvulaza. nyama, ndi kuzidya monga chakudya. Miyambo yonse iwiriyi, makamaka ya Jane, imanena kuti inayamba zaka zoposa 2500 zapitazo, komanso kuti mchitidwe wa moyo wopanda chiwawa wa otsatira chipembedzocho umabwereranso kumbuyo.
Awa anali omenyera ufulu wa zinyama oyamba omwe tinganene molondola lero. Maziko a zochita zawo anali kuphunzitsa ndi kumvetsa Ahimsa. Ahimsa ndi chiphunzitso chopanda chiwawa komanso kuvomereza lingaliro lakuti chiwawa chotsutsana ndi zolengedwa zina zamaganizo sizowonongeka komanso kumabweretsa mavuto kwa iwo, komanso kumabweretsa mavuto ndi zolemetsa kwa iye amene ali gwero la chiwawa, komanso ku gulu lokha.
Ahimsa ndiye maziko a veganism, chikhumbo chofuna kusunga nkhanza kwa zolengedwa zamalingaliro kukhala zochepa mwa kusalowerera kwathunthu m'miyoyo ya nyama kapena kusokoneza pang'ono, ndikupatsa nyama ulamuliro ndi ufulu wokhala ndi moyo wawo m'chilengedwe.
Ndikofunikira kwambiri kumvetsetsa kuti kukhala ndi nyama kuti tidye ndiye maziko ophimbidwa omwe amatanthauzira chikhalidwe chathu, komanso kuti aliyense wa ife anali kapena akadali ndi malingaliro otsatiridwa ndi miyambo ya anthu amdera lathu: malingaliro olamulira, kupatula ofooka kuchokera ku bwalo lachifundo, kuchepetsa kufunika kwa zolengedwa zina, elitism.
Aneneri auzimu aku India, ndi kulalikira kwawo kwa Ahimsa, anakana ndi kunyalanyaza chikhalidwe cha nkhanza cha chikhalidwe chathu zaka 2500 zapitazo, ndipo anali anthu oyambirira omwe chidziwitso chawo chafika kwa ife. Iwo mozindikira anayesa kuchepetsa nkhanza kwa nyama, ndi kupereka njira imeneyi kwa ena. Nthawi yamphamvu iyi yachisinthiko cha chikhalidwe chathu, chotchedwa Karl Jaspers "Axial Age" (Axial Age), idachitira umboni nthawi yomweyo kapena kuyandikira kwa nthawi ya zimphona zamakhalidwe monga Pythagoras, Heraclitus ndi Socrates ku Mediterranean, Zarathustra ku Persia, Lao Tzu. ndi Chang Tzu ku China , mneneri Yesaya ndi aneneri ena ku Middle East.
Onse anagogomezera kufunika kwa chifundo kaamba ka nyama, kukana nsembe za nyama, ndi kuphunzitsa kuti nkhanza kwa zinyama zimabwerera kwa anthu iwo eni. Mumakolola chomwe mwafesa. Malingaliro amenewa anafalitsidwa ndi aphunzitsi auzimu ndi anthanthi kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ndipo pofika chiyambi cha nyengo ya Chikristu, amonke Achibuda anali atakhazikitsa kale malo auzimu kumadzulo, kufikira ku England, China ndi Africa, kubweretsa mfundo za ahimsa ndi zanyama.
Pankhani ya akatswiri afilosofi akale, ndimagwiritsa ntchito mwadala mawu oti "veganism" osati "zamasamba" chifukwa chakuti zolimbikitsa za ziphunzitsozo zimagwirizana ndi kulimbikitsana kwa veganism - kuchepetsa nkhanza kwa anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro ochepa.
Ndi malingaliro onse a dziko lamakedzana akudumphadumpha, nkosadabwitsa kuti olemba mbiri yakale ambiri anakhulupirira kuti Yesu Kristu ndi ophunzira ake anapewa kudya nyama, ndipo zafika kwa ife zolembedwa zosonyeza kuti atate Achikristu oyambirira anali osadya zamasamba ndipo mwinamwake ndithu. zanyama.
Zaka mazana angapo pambuyo pake, pamene Chikristu chinakhala chipembedzo chovomerezeka cha Ufumu wa Roma, m’nthaŵi ya Mfumu Constantine, filosofi ndi kachitidwe kakuchitira chifundo nyama zinaponderezedwa mwankhanza, ndipo awo amene anali kukaikiridwa kukana nyama anazunzidwa mwankhanza ndi kuphedwa ndi Aroma. asilikali.
Mchitidwe wa kulanga chifundo unapitirira kwa zaka mazana angapo pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Roma. M’Nyengo Zapakati ku Ulaya, Akatolika okonda zamasamba monga Cathars ndi Bogomils anaponderezedwa ndipo potsirizira pake anathetsedwa kotheratu ndi tchalitchicho. Kuphatikiza pa zomwe tafotokozazi, mu nthawi za dziko lakale ndi zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, panalinso mafunde ena ndi anthu omwe ankalimbikitsa filosofi ya kusagwirizana ndi zinyama: mu Neoplatonic, Hermetic, Sufi, Judaic and Christian chipembedzo masukulu.
Panthawi ya Renaissance ndi Renaissance, mphamvu ya tchalitchi inachepa, ndipo chifukwa chake, sayansi yamakono inayamba kukula, koma, mwatsoka, izi sizinasinthe tsogolo la zinyama, koma, m'malo mwake, zinayambitsa nkhanza kwambiri. kuwadyera masuku pamutu pofuna kuyesa, zosangalatsa, kupanga zovala ndi kumene chakudya. Ngakhale izi zisanachitike, panali zolemba zina zolemekeza nyama monga zolengedwa za Mulungu, m'masiku okonda chuma chambiri kukhalapo kwawo kumangotengedwa ngati katundu ndi chuma panjira yopititsa patsogolo ntchito zamafakitale komanso momwe anthu akuchulukirachulukira. . Izi zikupitirirabe mpaka lero ndipo zikuwopseza nyama zonse, komanso chilengedwe ndi anthu omwe chifukwa cha chiwonongeko chachikulu ndi chiwonongeko cha chilengedwe ndi nyama zakutchire.
Mafilosofi ophatikizika ochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana a dziko lapansi akhala akuthandizira kutsutsa lingaliro lovomerezeka la chikhalidwe chathu, ndipo m'zaka za zana la 19 ndi 20, izi zinatsimikiziridwa ndi kutsitsimuka kofulumira kwa malingaliro okonda zamasamba ndi zinyama. Izi zidalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi ziphunzitso zopezedwanso zomwe zidachokera Kummawa kupita ku Europe ndi North America. Matembenuzidwe a ma sutra akale a Chibuda ndi Jain opatulika, Upanishads ndi Vedas, Tao Te Chings ndi zolemba zina za ku India ndi China, ndi kupezedwa kwa anthu otukuka bwino ndi zakudya zochokera ku zomera, zachititsa ambiri a Kumadzulo kukayikira zikhulupiriro za chitaganya chawo. nkhanza kwa nyama.
Mawu oti "zamasamba" adapangidwa mu 1980 m'malo mwa "Pythagorean" yakale. Kuyesera ndi kukwezera zamasamba kudakopa olemba ambiri otchuka monga: Shelley, Byron, Bernard Shaw, Schiller, Schopenhauer, Emerson, Louise May Alcott, Walter Besant, Helena Blavatsky, Leo Tolstoy, Gandhi ndi ena. Gulu lachikhristu linapangidwanso, lomwe linaphatikizapo atsogoleri angapo a mipingo, monga: William Cowherd ku England ndi protégé wake ku America, William Metcalfe, yemwe ankalalikira chifundo kwa zinyama. Ellen White wa nthambi ya Seventh-day Adventist ndi Charles ndi Myrtle Fillmore a Unity Christian School analalikira za vegan zaka 40 mawu oti "vegan" asanapangidwe.
Kupyolera mu zoyesayesa zawo, lingaliro la ubwino wa kudya kwa zomera linapangidwa, ndipo chidwi chinakopeka ku nkhanza zomwe zimachitika pakudya nyama. Mabungwe oyamba a anthu oteteza nyama adapangidwa - monga RSPCA, ASPCA, Humane Society.
Mu 1944 ku England, Donald Watson analimbitsa maziko a kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wa zinyama zamakono. Adapanga mawu oti "vegan" ndipo adayambitsa Vegan Society ku London motsutsa mwachindunji chikhalidwe chathu komanso maziko ake. Donald Watson anafotokoza kuti nyama ndi “nthanthi ndi njira ya moyo imene imapatulapo, monga mmene tingachitire, kudyera masuku pamutu ndi kuchitira nkhanza nyama pofuna chakudya, zovala, kapena cholinga china chilichonse.”
Choncho kayendedwe ka zamasamba kanabadwa monga chiwonetsero cha choonadi chakale ndi chamuyaya cha Ahimsa, ndipo chomwe chiri mtima wa kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wa zinyama. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, zaka zambiri zadutsa, mabuku ambiri asindikizidwa, maphunziro ambiri asindikizidwa, mabungwe ambiri ndi nthawi zina zakhazikitsidwa, zolemba zambiri ndi mawebusaiti apangidwa, zonse mwa kuyesetsa kwaumunthu kuchepetsa nkhanza kwa zinyama.
Chifukwa cha zoyesayesa zonse zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, ufulu wa veganism ndi zinyama zikuchulukirachulukira, ndipo kayendetsedwe kake kakukulirakulira, ngakhale kuti mabungwe onse amtundu wathu akutsutsa kwambiri, kudana ndi miyambo yathu yachikhalidwe, ndi zovuta zina zambiri. okhudzidwa ndi izi.
Zikuchulukirachulukira kuti nkhanza zathu kwa zinyama ndizoyendetsa mwachindunji kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, matenda athu akuthupi ndi amaganizo, nkhondo, njala, kusalingana ndi nkhanza za anthu, osanenapo kuti nkhanzazi zilibe zifukwa zomveka.
Magulu ndi anthu amasonkhana pamodzi kuti alimbikitse ufulu wa zinyama m'madera osiyanasiyana a chitetezo, malingana ndi zomwe amakonda kwambiri, motero amapanga mipikisano yambiri. Kuonjezera apo, pakhala chizoloŵezi, makamaka pakati pa mabungwe akuluakulu, kuyendetsa kampeni mogwirizana ndi mafakitale odyetsera nyama pofuna kulimbikitsa mafakitalewa ndikuwapangitsa kuti achepetse nkhanza m'zinthu zawo. Makampeni awa akhoza kukhala opambana pazachuma kwa mabungwe omenyera ufulu wa nyama izi, kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa zopereka chifukwa cha kulengeza "kupambana" kumodzi kuti apindule ndi nyama zaukapolo, koma chodabwitsa, kukhazikitsidwa kwawo kumalumikizidwa ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha kayendedwe ka ufulu wa zinyama ndi za veganism.
Pali zifukwa zambiri za izi. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi mphamvu zazikulu zomwe makampaniwa ali nazo kuti asinthe zomwe zimawoneka ngati zapambana kukhala kupambana kwawokha. Izi zimagwetsa pansi kuchokera pansi pa mapazi a gulu lomasula zinyama pamene tiyamba kukambirana za mtundu wanji wakupha womwe uli waumunthu. Wogula amadya kwambiri nyama ngati atsimikiza kuti ndi anthu.
Chifukwa cha ndawala zotere, anthu amaona kuti nyama ndi katundu wa munthu. Ndipo monga gulu, m'malo motsogolera anthu ku veganism, timawatsogolera kuti adzavotere zisankho ndi zikwama zawo m'masitolo chifukwa cha nkhanza kwa nyama, zotchedwa umunthu.
Izi zapangitsa kuti gulu lathu liziyenda bwino, gulu lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso lochepetsedwa ndi mafakitale ankhanza. Izi ndi zachibadwa, chifukwa cha mphamvu zomwe makampaniwa ali nazo komanso kusagwirizana kwathu posankha momwe tingatulutsire nyama ku nkhanza za anthu mwamsanga. Nkhanza zomwe nyama zimachitidwa chifukwa cha malo omwe ali nawo.
Tikukhala m’gulu limene maziko ake ndi mfundo yolamulira nyama zonse, ndipo aliyense wa ife walandira lingaliro limeneli kuyambira pamene tinabadwa. Tikamakayikira mfundo iyi, timalowa nawo ntchito yazaka mazana ambiri yomasula nyama, ndipo ndicho chiyambi cha Ahimsa ndi veganism.
Gulu la vegan (lomwe ndilofanana kwambiri ndi kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wa zinyama) ndi kayendetsedwe ka kusintha kotheratu kwa anthu, ndipo izi zimasiyana ndi gulu lina lililonse lomenyera ufulu wa anthu. Nkhanza zachizoloŵezi kwa zinyama chifukwa cha chakudya zimawononga ndipo zimawononga nzeru zathu zoyambirira ndi chifundo, kupanga mikhalidwe yomwe imatsegula njira ya nkhanza zamtundu wina kwa zinyama, komanso kuwonetsera khalidwe lalikulu kwa anthu ena.
Kusuntha kwa vegan ndikwambiri m'lingaliro lakuti kumapita ku mizu yazovuta zathu zazikulu, nkhanza zathu. Zimafuna kuti ife, omwe timachirikiza za veganism ndi ufulu wa zinyama, kuyeretsa chikumbumtima chathu pa nkhanza ndi malingaliro odzipatula omwe gulu lathu lakhazikitsa mwa ife. Zomwe aphunzitsi akale adatchera khutu, apainiya a gulu lomenyera ufulu wa nyama. Titha kudyera masuku pamutu nyama bola ngati titazipatula ku gulu lathu lachifundo, ndichifukwa chake veganism imatsutsana kwambiri ndi kudzipatula. Kuphatikiza apo, monga ma vegans timayitanidwa kuti tizichita kuphatikiza osati nyama zokha komanso anthu pagulu lathu lachifundo.
Kusuntha kwa vegan kumafuna kuti tikhale osinthika omwe tikufuna kuwona pozungulira ife ndikulemekeza anthu onse, kuphatikizapo otsutsa. Iyi ndiye mfundo ya veganism ndi Ahimsa monga momwe imamvekera ndikupititsidwa ku mibadwomibadwo m'mbiri yonse. Ndipo pomaliza. Tikukhala muvuto lalikulu ndi lozama lomwe likutipatsa mwayi womwe sitinachitikepo. Chivundikiro chakale chikuwulutsidwa mochulukira chifukwa cha zovuta zambiri zamtundu wathu.
Anthu ochulukirachulukira akuzindikira kuti njira yokhayo yeniyeni yopulumutsira anthu ndi kupita ku vegan. M’malo mokambirana ndi mafakitale ozikidwa pa nkhanza, tingatembenukire ku nzeru za anthu amene anakonza njira patsogolo pathu. Mphamvu zathu zagona pakutha kuchepetsa kufunikira kwa zinthu zanyama pophunzitsa anthu ndikuwatsogolera pakuchotsa zinthu izi kuti asadye.
Mwamwayi, tikuwona kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa mabungwe ndi magulu omenyera ufulu mdziko lathu komanso padziko lonse lapansi omwe amalimbikitsa lingaliro la veganism ndi moyo wamasamba, komanso kuchuluka kwamagulu achipembedzo ndi auzimu omwe amalimbikitsa zomwezo. nkhani ya chifundo. Izi zikuthandizani kuti mupite patsogolo.
Lingaliro la Ahimsa ndi veganism ndilamphamvu kwambiri chifukwa zimagwirizana ndi zenizeni zathu, zomwe ndi chikhumbo chokonda, kupanga, kumva komanso chifundo. Donald Watson ndi apainiya ena adabzala mbewu mu kuya kwa lingaliro lachikale lomwe limatsekereza ndi kumanga dziko lathu ndikuwononga moyo pa Planet.
Ngati aliyense wa ife atsirira mbewu zofesedwazi, ndikubzalanso zathu, ndiye kuti munda wonse wachifundo udzakula, womwe udzawonongeratu maunyolo a nkhanza ndi ukapolo woikidwa mwa ife. Anthu adzamvetsa kuti monga mmene tinachitira akapolo nyama, ifenso tachita ukapolo.
Kusintha kwanyama - kusintha kwa ufulu wa zinyama - kudabadwa zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo. Tikulowa gawo lomaliza la kukhazikitsidwa kwake, uku ndikusintha kwabwino, chisangalalo, chipambano chakupanga, ndipo ikufunika aliyense wa ife! Chifukwa chake lowani nawo ntchito yabwinoyi ndipo palimodzi tisintha dziko lathu.
Pa kumasula nyama, tidzadzimasula tokha, ndi kupangitsa Dziko lapansi kuchiritsa mabala ake chifukwa cha ana athu ndi ana a zolengedwa zonse zomwe zimakhalapo. Chikoka chamtsogolo ndi champhamvu kuposa kukoka kwa zakale. Tsogolo lidzakhala la vegan! ”