Oposa 4,5% ya anthu achi Dutch ndi osadya zamasamba. Osati kwambiri poyerekeza, mwachitsanzo, ndi India, komwe kuli 30% ya iwo, koma osakwanira ku Ulaya, kumene mpaka zaka za m'ma 70 za m'ma 750, kudya nyama kunali chikhalidwe chonse komanso chosagwedezeka. Tsopano, pafupifupi anthu XNUMX achi Dutch amalowetsa kadulidwe kakang'ono kapena onunkhira tsiku lililonse ndi magawo awiri a ndiwo zamasamba, zinthu za soya kapena mazira ophwanyidwa otopetsa. Ena chifukwa cha thanzi, ena chifukwa cha chilengedwe, koma chifukwa chachikulu ndi chifundo kwa nyama.
Vegetarian Hocus Pocus
Mu 1891, munthu wodziwika bwino wachi Dutch Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis (1846-1919), akuyendera mzinda wa Groningen pazamalonda, adayang'ana mnyumba yodyeramo. Wolandira alendoyo, atasangalatsidwa ndi ulendowo, anampatsa mlendoyo kapu ya vinyo wake wofiira wabwino koposa. Chodabwitsa n’chakuti Domela anakana mwaulemu, ndipo anafotokoza kuti sankamwa mowa. Woyang’anira nyumba ya alendoyo wochereza anaganiza zokondweretsa mlendoyo ndi chakudya chamadzulo chokoma: “Wokondedwa Bwana! Ndiuzeni zomwe mukufuna: nyama yamagazi kapena yopangidwa bwino, kapena mwina chifuwa cha nkhuku kapena nthiti ya nkhumba? “Zikomo kwambiri,” anayankha Domela, “koma ine sindidya nyama. Ndipatseni mkate wabwino wa rye wokhala ndi tchizi." Woyang'anira nyumba ya alendoyo, atadabwa ndi kudzipha mwaufulu koteroko kwa thupi, adaganiza kuti woyendayendayo akusewera nthabwala, kapena mwinamwake wosokonezeka maganizo ... Wambiri ya Domela Nieuwenhuis ndi wolemera mosinthana kwambiri. Atamaliza maphunziro ake a zaumulungu, anatumikira monga m’busa wa Lutheran kwa zaka zisanu ndi zinayi, ndipo mu 1879 anasiya tchalitchicho, ponena kuti iye anali wosakhulupirira kwenikweni kuti kuli Mulungu. Mwinamwake Nieuwenhuys anataya chikhulupiriro chake chifukwa cha nkhonya za nkhanza za tsoka: ali ndi zaka 34 anali kale wamasiye katatu, okwatirana aang’ono onse atatu anamwalira pobala. Mwamwayi, thanthwe loipali linadutsa ukwati wake wachinayi. Domela anali mmodzi mwa anthu amene anayambitsa gulu la Socialist m’dzikolo, koma mu 1890 anapuma pa ndale, ndipo kenako analowa m’gulu la anarchism n’kukhala mlembi. Anakana nyama chifukwa chokhulupirira kotheratu kuti m’chitaganya cholungama munthu alibe ufulu wopha nyama. Palibe abwenzi ake omwe adathandizira Nieuwenhuis, lingaliro lake linkawoneka ngati lopanda pake. Poyesera kumulungamitsa pamaso pawo, omwe amamuzungulira adabweranso ndi malongosoledwe awo: akuti amasala kudya chifukwa chogwirizana ndi ogwira ntchito osauka, omwe patebulo lawo nyama idawonekera patchuthi kokha. M'banja, wodya zamasamba woyamba sanapeze kumvetsetsa: achibale anayamba kupeŵa nyumba yake, kuganizira maphwando opanda nyama yotopetsa komanso yosasangalatsa. Mbale Adrian anakana mokwiya chiitano chake cha Chaka Chatsopano, kukana kulimbana ndi “zamasamba.” Ndipo dotolo wabanja adatchanso Domela chigawenga: pambuyo pake, adayika thanzi la mkazi wake ndi ana pachiwopsezo powakakamiza kudya zomwe sangaganize.
Zodabwitsa zowopsa
Domela Nieuwenhuis sanakhale yekha kwa nthawi yayitali, pang'onopang'ono anapeza anthu amalingaliro ofanana, ngakhale kuti poyamba anali ochepa kwambiri. Pa Seputembara 30, 1894, pakuchita kwa dokotala Anton Vershor, Netherlands Vegetarian Union idakhazikitsidwa, yokhala ndi mamembala 33. Zaka khumi pambuyo pake, chiwerengero chawo chinawonjezeka kufika ku 1000, ndipo zaka khumi pambuyo pake - mpaka 2000. Anthu adakumana ndi otsutsa oyambirira a nyama osati ochezeka, m'malo motsutsa. Mu May 1899, nyuzipepala ya Amsterdam inafalitsa nkhani ya Dr. Peter Teske, momwe adafotokozera maganizo oipa kwambiri pa zamasamba: mwendo. Chilichonse chingayembekezeredwe kwa anthu okhala ndi malingaliro onyenga oterowo: n’zotheka kuti posachedwapa adzakhala akuyenda maliseche m’makwalala.” Nyuzipepala ya The Hague "People" sinatopenso kuneneza ochirikiza zakudya za zomera, koma kugonana kofooka kunapindula kwambiri: "Uwu ndi mtundu wapadera wa akazi: mmodzi mwa omwe amameta tsitsi lawo ndikupempha kuti achite nawo zisankho. !" Mwachiwonekere, kulolerana kunadza kwa Dutch pambuyo pake, ndipo kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX adakwiya kwambiri ndi omwe adayimilira pakati pa anthu. Izi zinaphatikizapo theosophists, anthroposophists, humanists, anarchists, komanso pamodzi ndi odya zamasamba. Komabe, ponena za dziko lotsirizirali, anthu a m’tauni ndi osunga mwambo sanali olakwa. Mamembala oyambirira a Union of Vegetarians anali otsatira a wolemba wamkulu wa ku Russia Leo Tolstoy, yemwe, ali ndi zaka makumi asanu, anakana nyama, motsogoleredwa ndi mfundo zamakhalidwe abwino. Anzake Achidatchi ankadzitcha kuti Tolstoyans (tolstojanen) kapena Akhristu osagwirizana ndi malamulo, ndipo kutsatira kwawo ziphunzitso za Tolstoy sikunali kokha pa nkhani ya zakudya. Mofanana ndi mnzathu wamkulu, iwo anali otsimikiza kuti chinsinsi cha mapangidwe a anthu abwino ndicho kusintha kwa munthu. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, iwo ankalimbikitsa ufulu wa munthu aliyense, ndipo anapempha kuti chilango cha imfa chithe ndipo ufulu wofanana wa akazi uthetsedwe. Koma mosasamala kanthu za malingaliro opita patsogolo oterowo, kuyesa kwawo kuloŵa m’gulu la Socialist kunalephera, ndipo nyama inakhala choyambitsa mikangano! Kupatula apo, a socialists adalonjeza ogwira ntchito kukhala ofanana ndi chitetezo chakuthupi, chomwe chimaphatikizapo nyama yambiri patebulo. Kenako anthu onenepawa adawonekera kuchokera kulikonse ndikuwopseza kusokoneza chilichonse! Ndipo maitanidwe awo oti asaphe nyama ndi zamkhutu chabe ... Nthawi zambiri, okonda zamasamba oyamba okonda ndale anali ndi nthawi yovuta: ngakhale anthu a m'dera lawo opita patsogolo sanawakane.
Pang'onopang'ono koma motsimikizika
Mamembala a Netherlands Association of Vegetarians sanataye mtima ndipo anasonyeza chipiriro cha nsanje. Anapereka chithandizo kwa ogwira ntchito zamasamba, otchedwa (ngakhale sanachite bwino) kuti abweretse zakudya zochokera ku zomera m'ndende ndi asilikali. Pazochita zawo, mu 1898, malo odyera oyamba amasamba adatsegulidwa ku The Hague, kenako ena angapo adawonekera, koma pafupifupi onse adasokonekera. Popereka maphunziro ndi kufalitsa timapepala, timabuku ndi zophikira, mamembala a Union adalimbikitsa mwakhama zakudya zawo zaumunthu ndi zathanzi. Koma mkangano wawo sunali wofunika kwambiri: kulemekeza nyama ndi kunyalanyaza zamasamba kunali kwamphamvu kwambiri.
Maganizo amenewa anasintha pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, pamene zinaonekeratu kuti matenda otentha beriberi chifukwa cha kusowa mavitamini. Masamba, makamaka mu mawonekedwe aiwisi, pang'onopang'ono adakhazikika m'zakudya, zamasamba zinayamba kudzutsa chidwi chowonjezeka ndipo pang'onopang'ono zimakhala zapamwamba. Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse inathetsa izi: pa nthawi ya ntchito panalibe nthawi yoyesera, ndipo pambuyo pa kumasulidwa, nyama inali yofunika kwambiri: Madokotala achi Dutch adanena kuti mapuloteni ndi chitsulo zomwe zili mmenemo zinali zofunika kubwezeretsa thanzi ndi mphamvu pambuyo pake. nyengo yozizira yanjala ya 1944-1945. Odya zamasamba ochepa azaka makumi angapo pambuyo pa nkhondo makamaka anali a ochirikiza chiphunzitso cha anthroposophical, chomwe chimaphatikizapo lingaliro la zakudya zamasamba. Panalinso anthu osungulumwa omwe sankadya nyama monga chizindikiro chothandizira anthu anjala a mu Afirika.
Za nyama zomwe zimangoganiza za 70s. Chiyambi chinayikidwa ndi katswiri wa zamoyo Gerrit Van Putten, yemwe adadzipereka yekha pa phunziro la khalidwe la ziweto. Zotsatira zake zidadabwitsa aliyense: zidapezeka kuti ng'ombe, mbuzi, nkhosa, nkhuku ndi ena, omwe mpaka pamenepo amangotengedwa ngati zinthu zaulimi, amatha kuganiza, kumva komanso kuvutika. Van Putten anakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nzeru za nkhumba, zomwe zinatsimikizira kuti zinali zochepa kuposa za agalu. Mu 1972, katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo adayambitsa famu yowonetsera: mtundu wawonetsero wosonyeza momwe ng'ombe ndi mbalame zatsoka zimasungidwa. M’chaka chomwecho, otsutsa bioindustry anagwirizana m’Bungwe Lotchedwa Tasty Beast Society, lomwe linatsutsana ndi zolembera zopanikiza, zauve ndi makola, chakudya chosauka, ndi njira zopweteka zophera “achichepere okhala m’mafamu.” Ambiri mwa omenyera ufuluwa ndi omvera chisoni adakhala osadya masamba. Pozindikira kuti pamapeto pake, ng'ombe zonse - muzochitika zilizonse zomwe zidasungidwa - zidathera m'malo ophera, sanafune kukhalabe ochita nawo chiwonongeko ichi. Anthu oterowo sanatengedwenso ngati achiyambi komanso owonjezera, adayamba kulemekezedwa. Ndiyeno anasiya kugawira konse: zamasamba zinakhala zofala.
Dystrophics kapena centenarians?
Mu 1848, dokotala wachidatchi Jacob Jan Pennink analemba kuti: “Chakudya chamadzulo chopanda nyama chili ngati nyumba yopanda maziko. M'zaka za zana la 19, madokotala adatsutsana kuti kudya nyama ndi chitsimikizo cha thanzi, ndipo, moyenerera, chikhalidwe chofunikira kuti dziko likhale lathanzi. M’pake kuti anthu a ku Britain, otchuka okonda nyama ya ng’ombe, ankaonedwa kuti ndi anthu amphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse! Othandizira a Netherlands Vegetarian Union anafunika kusonyeza nzeru zambiri kuti agwedeze chiphunzitso chokhazikitsidwa bwinochi. Pozindikira kuti mawu achindunji angangoyambitsa kusakhulupirirana, iwo anafikira nkhaniyo mosamala. Magazini ya Vegetarian Bulletin inafalitsa nkhani zokhudza mmene anthu anavutikira, kudwala, ngakhale kufa atadya nyama yowonongeka, yomwe, mwa njira, inkawoneka ndi kulawa mwatsopano ... matenda, kukhala ndi moyo wautali, ndipo nthaŵi zina zinathandizira kuchiritsa mozizwitsa kwa odwala opanda chiyembekezo. Anthu otengeka kwambiri odana ndi nyama ankanena kuti sinagayidwe kotheratu, tinthu ting’onoting’ono tomwe timasiyidwa kuti tiwole m’mimba, n’kumachititsa ludzu, kuvutika maganizo, ngakhalenso kuchita zachiwawa. Iwo ananena kuti kusintha zakudya zochokera ku zomera kungachepetse umbanda ndipo mwinanso kubweretsa mtendere padziko lonse lapansi! Zomwe mikanganoyi idachokera sizikudziwikabe.
Panthawiyi, ubwino kapena zovulaza za zakudya zamasamba zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi madokotala achi Dutch, maphunziro angapo adachitidwa pamutuwu. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, kukayikira za kufunikira kwa nyama muzakudya zathu kudanenedwa koyamba mu nyuzipepala ya sayansi. Zaka zoposa XNUMX zadutsa kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, ndipo asayansi sakayikira ngakhale pang'ono za ubwino wosiya nyama. Anthu odyetsera zamasamba asonyeza kuti savutika kwambiri ndi kunenepa kwambiri, kuthamanga kwa magazi, matenda a mtima, shuga, ndi mitundu ina ya khansa. Komabe, mawu ofooka amamvekabe, kutitsimikizira kuti popanda entrecote, msuzi ndi mwendo wa nkhuku, mosakayikira tidzafota. Koma mkangano wokhudza thanzi ndi nkhani yosiyana.
Kutsiliza
Dutch Vegetarian Union ilipobe lero, imatsutsabe bioindustry ndikulimbikitsa ubwino wa zakudya zochokera ku zomera. Komabe, sachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa anthu a dziko, pamene pali okonda zamasamba ambiri ku Netherlands: pazaka khumi zapitazi, chiwerengero chawo chawonjezeka kawiri. Pakati pawo pali mtundu wina wa anthu owopsa: odyetsera nyama omwe amapatula zakudya zilizonse zochokera ku nyama: mazira, mkaka, uchi ndi zina zambiri. Palinso owopsa kwambiri: amayesa kukhutira ndi zipatso ndi mtedza, akukhulupirira kuti mbewu nazonso sizingaphedwe.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, amene maganizo anauzira oyamba Dutch omenyera ufulu nyama, mobwerezabwereza ananena chiyembekezo kuti kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, anthu onse kusiya nyama. Komabe, chiyembekezo cha wolembayo sichinakwaniritsidwebe. Koma mwina ndi nthawi chabe, ndipo nyama idzazimiririka pang'onopang'ono pamagome athu? Ndizovuta kukhulupirira izi: mwambowu ndi wamphamvu kwambiri. Komano, ndani akudziwa? Moyo nthawi zambiri umakhala wosadziwikiratu, ndipo kudya zamasamba ku Europe ndi chinthu chaching'ono. Mwina adakali ndi ulendo wautali!