Bowa wa nyumba (Serpula lacrymans) chithunzi ndi kufotokozera

Bowa wa m'nyumba (Serpula lacrymans)

Bowa uyu ndi wa gulu la mafangasi oyipa omwe amawononga mitengo.

Mayina ake ena:

Imakhala pamitengo yakufa yodulidwa, ndipo imakhala yowopsa makamaka ikaswana m'nyumba zosiyanasiyana. Ikakhazikika mumtengo, imatha kuwononga matabwa mosavuta komanso mwachangu.

bowa wa nyumba ali ndi luso lotukuka (mosiyana mosiyanasiyana mu bowa) kuti apange mycelium yamphamvu ngakhale m'mikhalidwe yosayenera kwa fruiting. Mikhalidwe yotereyi imaphatikizapo mpweya wosasunthika, chinyezi chambiri, kusowa kwa kuwala. Pamaso pazifukwa izi, bowa limakula kwambiri komanso mwachangu ngati mawonekedwe osabala ndipo limachita mwachangu ntchito zowononga.

Monga lamulo, bowa limafalikira m'zipinda zapansi ndi m'chipinda chapansi, pomwe chimakhala chonyowa komanso chodzaza, pansi pa matabwa apansi, m'munsi mwa matabwa. Amamva bwino makamaka ngati pansi pa nthaka yonyowa.

Kumayambiriro kwa kukula kwa bowa, timadontho ting'onoting'ono toyera timawonekera pamtengo, zomwe pamapeto pake zimaphatikizana ndi mawanga amtundu kapena zokopa zaubweya, kenako plexus imawonekera, yofanana ndi ukonde wasiliva. Pang'onopang'ono, imafalikira mochulukira pamwamba pa mtengo, imakula, imapeza mawonekedwe a masamba, buluu wa silky ndi mtundu wa phulusa-imvi.

M'mphepete mwa bowa, ulusi wopyapyala umapangidwa, womwe umadutsa mu spurs, mothandizidwa ndi bowa, titero, amakwawa kufunafuna chakudya kudzera m'ming'alu yaying'ono ndi mabowo m'makoma. Chotero, amasamuka kuchoka ku mbali ina ya nyumba kupita ku ina. Nthawi zina ntchito yowononga yotereyi ingayambitse chiwonongeko cha nyumba yonse ndi kugwa kwake.

bowa wa nyumba Nthawi zina akhoza kuchita molumikizana ndi oimira ena bowa, monga Polyporus vaporarius, Polyporus destructor ndi ena. Nthawi zambiri, bowa la m'nyumba limakhudza ma conifers, komanso amatha kuwononga mitengo yodula, monga oak.

Zotsatira pa nkhuni

Pochita kafukufuku, R. Hartig adapeza kuti bowa limatulutsa ma enzyme apadera omwe amatha kusungunula organic wood compounds kutali kwambiri ndi bowa. Zotsatira zake, mtengowo umasanduka mawonekedwe omwe bowa amatha kutengera. Kuphatikiza apo, ma enzymes amatha kusungunula phulusa m'maselo akalumikizana mwachindunji ndi hyphae. Chifukwa cha njira zonsezi, kuwonongeka kwa mtengo kumachitika.

Pang'onopang'ono, nkhuni imasanduka bulauni, imasanduka fumbi, ndipo ngati ili yofewa mokwanira, ndiye chifukwa cha zochita za bowa, imauma, imakhala yovuta komanso yowonongeka. Zosavuta makamaka bowa wa mtengo imawononga pansi yokutidwa ndi utoto wa mafuta, chifukwa pamenepa pansi pamunsi pamakhala kutsekedwa kwathunthu kuchokera ku kuwala ndi kutetezedwa ku kuyanika.

Mfundo yakuti bowa woterewo anawonekera pamtengo amatha kumveka ndi mawanga akuda omwe amawoneka pamwamba, ndipo ngati matabwawo ali ndi utoto wa glue, ndiye kuti madera achikasu achikasu amapangidwa, omwe amakhala mosiyana.

Ngati matabwa omwe ali ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus agundidwa, amamveka phokoso losamveka bwino, ndipo akakanikizidwa, amathyoka mosavuta. Mtengo womwe wakhudzidwawo umamwa madzi mwachangu, umakhala wa hygroscopic, kotero kuti chinyezi chochokera pansi chimatha kudutsa ngakhale kumadera akutali kwambiri a nyumbayo. Kuphatikiza apo, mycelium ya bowa palokha imatha kuyendetsa chinyezi mosavuta ndikusamutsira ku nkhuni zouma, kotero ngakhale m'zipinda zowuma kwambiri zimatha kukhala zonyowa kwambiri ndipo sizingatheke kukhalamo.

Kuonjezera apo, pali mphindi imodzi yosasangalatsa: matupi a fruiting a bowa, panthawi ya kuwonongeka ndi kuwonongeka, amatulutsa khalidwe komanso fungo losasangalatsa, lomwe limakhalanso lovulaza thanzi.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Polek ndi Goeppert, bowa wamtengo ukhoza kukhala ndi madzi pakati pa 48 ndi 68%.

Ngati mycelium imachokera ku ming'alu kapena ming'alu mu mpweya wabwino ndi kuwala, ndiye kuti matupi a fruiting a bowa amayamba kupanga. Amakhala ndi lamellar, mawonekedwe a mbale, otambalala, amatha kufika kukula mpaka mita, amakhala ndi khungu lachikopa. Kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko, matupi a fruiting amakhala oyera, kenako amakhala ofiira-chikasu, ndipo pamapeto pake amakhala ofiira-bulauni. Pamwambapa, ali ndi zopindika zopindika ngati nyongolotsi pomwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhalapo, ndipo m'munsimu muli mawonekedwe a velvety okhala ndi m'mbali zoyera zotupa. Mphepete mwa matupi a fruiting amatulutsa madontho oonekera amadzimadzi, omwe pambuyo pake amakhala mitambo, amakhala ndi mtundu wamkaka (kotero, bowa amatchedwa kulira). Ma spores ndi owoneka ngati elliptical, ang'onoang'ono kukula kwake (utali 0,011 ndi m'lifupi 0,006 mm), zofiirira kapena dzimbiri-bulauni mumtundu. Kumera kwa spore kumatheka pokhapokha ngati pali zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi alkaline. Ikhoza kukhala potaziyamu carbonate, mchere kapena ammonia palokha. Zinthu izi zimayambitsa kutupa kwa chipolopolo cha spore. Kumera kumathandizidwanso ndi mkodzo, phulusa, coke ndi zinthu zina zomwe zili kapena kutenga nawo gawo pakupanga zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi alkaline.

Pofuna kupewa kuoneka kwa bowa m'nyumba, R. Hartig amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera:

- pambuyo pokonzanso m'nyumba zowonongeka ndi nkhuni, ogwira ntchito amafunika kuyeretsa bwino ndikutsuka zida zawo zonse asanagwiritse ntchito. M'pofunikanso kutsuka bwino zovala ndi nsapato.

- ngati matabwa akale ali ndi zizindikiro zoonekeratu za kuwonongeka kwa bowa, ndiye kuti sangathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito panyumba zatsopano. Mitengo yakale yowonongeka yomwe imachotsedwa panthawi yokonzanso iyenera kutenthedwa mwamsanga, ndipo nkhuni zatsopano siziyenera kusungidwa pafupi ndi zowonongeka.

- nyumba zatsopano ziyenera kutetezedwa kuti zisaipitsidwe ndi omanga awo, ndipo zimbudzi ziyenera kukhala ndi zida kuti kuipitsidwa kwa nyumba zatsopano zisachitike.

- mchenga wotsukidwa kapena njerwa zophwanyika ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pilo pansi. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yonyowa singagwiritsidwe ntchito, makamaka phulusa, coke, ndi zinthu zina zokhala ndi humus ziyenera kupewedwa.

- musanayambe kumanga, mtengowo uyenera kuumitsidwa bwino momwe mungathere.

- nyumba yomangidwa kumene iyenera kuuma bwino, ndipo pokhapokha pansi pakhoza kupakidwa utoto wamafuta.

- muyenera kumanga m'njira yoti pansi zisagwirizane kwambiri ndi makoma.

- ndikofunikira kukonza bwino mayendedwe a mpweya m'zipinda zapansi zomwe zili pansi.

- muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa ukhondo, ndipo onetsetsani kuti zimbudzi ndi madzi sizigwera pansi. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa mabafa ndi zovala.

Njira zolimbana

Pofuna kuwononga bowa wa m'nyumba yomwe yawonekera kale, njira zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma palibe imodzi mwa izo yomwe ingatchulidwe kuti ndi yowopsya. Zotsatira zabwino zidapezedwa ndi katswiri wazomera waku Germany GL Hartig, yemwe m'zaka za zana la 19 adayika nkhuni ndi carbolineum kapena creosote.

Pulofesa Sorokin amapereka malingaliro ake opaka nkhuni ndi phula wamba, ndipo ofufuza ena amatchula mafuta a petroleum mwa njira zothandiza.

Ngati bowa sichinafalikire kwambiri, ndiye kuti kuchotsa mosamala madera owonongeka a mtengowo ndi kuwasintha ndi atsopano kungapereke zotsatira zabwino.