Muscarine (Muscarine)
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa ma alkaloids oopsa kwambiri, omwe adapezeka ndi Schmideberg. Anapezeka mu ntchentche ya agaric Amanita muscaria kapena Agaricus Muscarius L. Kuchokera ku banja la agaric la Hymenomycetes (Hymenomycetes). Komanso muscarine wapezeka mu bowa Boletus luridus ndi Amanita pantherina ndi bowa Inocybe.
katundu wakuthupi
Ma alkaloid opangidwa ndi bowawa amatchedwa bowa kapena muscarine wachilengedwe, ndipo mawonekedwe ake ampirical ndi C5H15NO8, pomwe palibe kapangidwe kake komwe kapezeka. Muscarine wachilengedwe ndi wopanda fungo komanso wopanda kukoma ndipo ndi madzi amadzimadzi okhala ndi zinthu zamchere kwambiri, zomwe zikauma pamaso pa sulfuric acid, zimasintha pang'onopang'ono kukhala crystalline state. Mumlengalenga, makhiristo a alkaloid amafalikira mwachangu, komanso muscarine amabwerera ku madzi amadzimadzi. Ndiwosungunuka kwambiri mu mowa ndi m'madzi, osasungunuka kwambiri mu chloroform, komanso osasungunuka mu ether. Ngati watenthedwa kuposa madigiri 100, ndiye kuti wawonongeka, ndipo fungo losawoneka bwino la fodya likuwonekera. Akagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi lead oxide kapena caustic alkali ndi kutentha, amasinthidwa kukhala trimethylamine, ndipo ndi sulfuric kapena hydrochloric acid amapanga mchere wa crystalline. Pali lingaliro kuti kapangidwe ka muscarine ndi kofanana ndi kapangidwe ka choline (C5H15NO2):
H3C / CH2CH(OH)2
H3C—N
H3C / OH
Koma zoyeserera za Schmiedeberg ndi Harnack zikuwonetsa kuti alkaloid yochita kupanga, yomwe imapezeka kuchokera ku choline, imakhudza nyama mosiyana ndi chilengedwe. Kuyesera kumeneku kunasonyeza kuti muscarines ochita kupanga ndi achilengedwe sali ofanana.
Kufunika kwa mankhwala
Onse bowa zachilengedwe alkaloid ndi synthetically analandira pawiri si panopa ntchito zolinga achire, koma tanthauzo lachipatala ndi mkulu kwambiri. Kale, kuyesa kunkachitika pochiza khunyu ndi njira za oncological za glands ndi muscarine. Analinganizidwanso kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito pa matenda a maso komanso kuchiza zilonda. Koma kuyesa konseku kunayimitsidwa chifukwa cha kawopsedwe kapadera ka pawiri.
koma muscarine ali ndi poizoni wambiri, wongopeka komanso wamankhwala. Ndi wa parasympathicotropic gulu la ziphe, amene stimulating kwenikweni pa zotumphukira parasympathicotropic misempha, pamene alkaloid ali mosamalitsa kusankha kwambiri mantha dongosolo. Mbaliyi imapangitsa kuti ikhale yamtengo wapatali ngati wothandizira mankhwala omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito poyesera monga kukakamiza magetsi kapena m'malo mwake.
Ngati mu Mlingo wochepa mumayambitsa zachilengedwe muscarine m'thupi la nyama, ndiye kuti pamakhala kuchepa kwa ntchito ya mtima (zoipa za inotropic ndi chronotropic), ndipo pamlingo waukulu zimayamba pang'onopang'ono komanso kufowokeka kwa systolic contractions. Ndiyeno mu gawo la diastolic, kumangidwa kwathunthu kwa mtima kumachitika.
Zochita pa thupi
Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi asayansi osiyanasiyana akuwonetsa kuti muscarine imakhala ndi zotumphukira zamanjenje zam'mimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti minofu ya m'mimba ndi matumbo ichuluke, komanso kuyenda kwa matumbo kumawonekera ngakhale kudzera m'mitsempha ya m'mimba. . Ngati muscarine kutumikiridwa mu mlingo waukulu, ndiye pali zosinthika peristaltic kayendedwe, amene m`malo ndi antiperistalsis, kusanza ndi kutsekula m`mimba kuyamba. Chizindikiro chodziwika bwino cha poizoni wa muscarine ndi chikhalidwe cha spastic cha mimba yonse kapena zigawo zake, ndikutsatiridwa ndi kupumula. Malinga ndi Schmideberg, muscarine amakhudza kwambiri matumbo ndi m'mimba, osati chifukwa cha zotsatira zake pa malekezero a mitsempha ya vagus yomwe ili mu ziwalo izi, komanso chifukwa cha zotsatira zake pa maselo a ganglion a Auerbach plexus. . Komanso, alkaloid izi zimayambitsa spastic contractions mu ziwalo zina yosalala minofu Mwachitsanzo, mu chiberekero, ndulu ndi chikhodzodzo. Kutsika kumachitika chifukwa cha kukwiyitsa kwa chinthucho pa zotumphukira zolandilira za mitsempha ya parasympathetic yomwe ili m'zigawozi, komanso chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa kwa zida zamagulu amtundu wamtundu wa minyewa, fanizo ndi momwe zimachitikira mu mtima. Mphuno ya diso mothandizidwa ndi muscarine imachepetsedwa kwambiri, malo ogona amakhalapo. Zochitika ziwirizi zimachitika chifukwa cha zochita za alkaloid pa zolandilira za ulusi wa parasympathetic wa mitsempha ya oculomotor yomwe ili mumitsempha yozungulira ya iris ndi minofu ya ciliary.
Schmideberg adapeza kuti muscarine wa bowa sagwira ntchito pamitsempha yamagalimoto, mosiyana ndi muscarine wochita kupanga, womwe umalepheretsa minyewa yamagalimoto. Izi zinatsimikiziridwa pambuyo pake ndi Hans Meyer ndi Gonda. Chifukwa chake, katundu wofanana ndi curare ndi wapadera ku muscarine wopangidwa kuchokera ku choline.
Bowa muscarine imayendetsa tiziwalo timene timatulutsa m'mimba, imathandizira katulutsidwe ka bile ndi madzi a pancreatic. Komanso kumawonjezera salivation, thukuta ndi lacrimation. Kutsekemera kwa malovu pansi pa zochita za muscarine kumafotokozedwa ndi mfundo yakuti imakwiyitsa mitsempha yozungulira (izi zinatsimikiziridwa ndi Schmideberg). Katulutsidwe wa tiziwalo timene timatulutsa timadzi tambiri timalimbikitsidwa ndi zochita zokwiyitsa za muscarine pamitsempha yawo ya scapular. Pankhaniyi, chandamale cha muscarine kanthu ndi zotumphukira mitsempha mathero.
Mdani wachindunji wa muscarine ndi atropine, yemwe amalepheretsa zotsatira za muscarine popumitsa mathero a mitsempha ya parasympathetic. Izi zikuwonetseredwa pamene muscarine ali ndi zotsatira zosautsa pa zotumphukira zolandilira aliyense wa minyewa parasympathetic. Choncho, atropine mwamsanga kuthetsa diastolic mtima kumangidwa ndi kuchedwetsa kugunda kwa mtima chikwiyire muscarine. Atropine komanso amasiya kuchuluka peristalsis, antiperistalsis ndi spasms m`mimba ndi matumbo, malawi kuphipha ndi mwana chidule, chikhodzodzo contraction, komanso kuchuluka secretory ntchito zosiyanasiyana tiziwalo timene timatulutsa (thukuta, malovu ndi ena). Atropine sulphate imakhala ndi zotsatira zotsutsana ndi muscarine pang'ono (0,001-0,1 mg). Muscarine amadziwikanso kuti amaletsa zochita za atropine pamtima wa chule, maso, submandibular gland, ndi glands thukuta. Choncho, pali maganizo kuti muscarine ndi atropine ndi otsutsana. Koma nthawi yomweyo, muscarine wambiri amafunikira (mpaka 7 g) kuti atropine asiye. Pachifukwa ichi, sikoyenera kunena kuti muscarine ali ndi zotsatira zenizeni pa atropine, ndipo akatswiri ambiri a zamankhwala amanena kuti nkhani ya kusagwirizana kwa magulu awiriwa sikunathetsedwe.
Komanso, otsutsa a muscarine akuphatikizapo aconitine, hyoscyamine, veratrin, scopolamine, physostigmine, digitalin, delphinium, camphor, helleborine, chloral hydrate, adrenaline. Pali mfundo zosangalatsa zoperekedwa ndi Tsondek kuti calcium chloride imakhalanso ndi zotsatira zotsutsana ndi muscarine.
Kutengeka kwa nyama zosiyanasiyana ku muscarine kumatha kusiyana kwambiri. Choncho mphaka amafa ndi subcutaneous jekeseni wa muscarine pa mlingo wa 4 mg patapita maola angapo, ndi mlingo wa 12 mg pambuyo 10-15 mphindi. Agalu amalekerera mlingo waukulu wa alkaloid. Anthu amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chinthu ichi. Schmideberg ndi Koppe adadziyesa okha ndipo adapeza kuti jekeseni wa muscarine pa mlingo wa 3 mg umayambitsa poizoni, womwe umasonyezedwa ndi malovu amphamvu kwambiri, kuthamanga kwa magazi kumutu, chizungulire, kufooka, kufiira kwa khungu, nseru komanso lakuthwa. kupweteka m'mimba, tachycardia, kukhumudwa masomphenya ndi kuphipha kwa malawi. Palinso thukuta lowonjezereka pankhope ndi kuchepera pang'ono mbali zina za thupi.
Chithunzi cha poizoni
Pankhani ya poizoni wa bowa, chithunzicho chingakhale chofanana ndi kufotokozera kwa poizoni wa muscarine, koma nthawi zambiri zimasiyana chifukwa chakuti fly agaric imakhala ndi zinthu zakupha za atropine ndi zinthu zina zomwe, kumbali imodzi, zimakhudza chapakati. mantha dongosolo, ndipo Komano, kusiya zochita za muscarine . Choncho, poyizoni akhoza yodziwika ndi mwina zizindikiro za m`mimba ndi matumbo (nseru, kusanza, kupweteka, kutsekula m'mimba) kapena zizindikiro zosiyana kwathunthu, mwachitsanzo, kuledzera limodzi ndi delirium ndi chisangalalo champhamvu, chizungulire, chilakolako chosaletseka kuwononga chirichonse. kuzungulira, kufunika kosuntha. Ndiye kunjenjemera kumachitika thupi lonse, epileptiform ndi tetanic kugwedezeka kumachitika, wophunzira amakula, kugunda kwachangu kumakhala kochepa kwambiri, kupuma kumasokonekera, kumakhala kosakhazikika, kutentha kwa thupi kumatsika kwambiri ndipo kugwa kumayamba. Mu chikhalidwe ichi, imfa imapezeka m'masiku awiri kapena atatu. Pankhani ya kuchira, munthu amachira pang'onopang'ono, mkhalidwe wa hyperleukocytosis umapezeka m'magazi, ndipo magaziwo amaundana kwambiri. Koma mpaka pano, palibe deta yodalirika komanso yotsimikizika yotsimikizika yokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa magazi, monganso palibe deta pa kusintha kwa pathological panthawi ya poizoni.
Chithandizo choyambira
Choyamba, ngati poyizoni ndi bowa, m`pofunika kuchotsa nkhani m`mimba ndi matumbo. Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito zotupa, kuchapa chapamimba ndi kafukufuku, ndi matumbo ndi enema. Mkati mwa mlingo waukulu amamwa mafuta a castor. Ngati zizindikiro za poyizoni wa muscarine zikuchulukirachulukira, ndiye kuti atropine amabayidwa mobisa. Ngati chiphe chikukula makamaka chifukwa cha zinthu ngati atropine, ndiye kuti atropine sangagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mankhwala.
Muscarine yochita kupanga, yomwe imachokera ku choline, ndiyo yophunzira kwambiri. Zochepa kwambiri zimadziwika za muscarines ena ochita kupanga. Anhydromuscarine amawonjezera katulutsidwe wa thukuta ndi malovu, ndipo alibe mphamvu pa maso ndi mtima. Zimayambitsa imfa chifukwa cha kupuma ziwalo. Isomuscarine sichimayambitsa kumangidwa kwa mtima, koma imachepetsa kugunda kwa mtima, komwe kungathe kusinthidwa ndi atropine. Mbalame, zimabweretsa kugundana kwa mwana, ndipo mu zinyama zimakhala ndi zotsatira za curare pa mitsempha yamoto ndikuwonjezera ntchito yachinsinsi ya glands, sizikhudza maso ndi matumbo, koma kumawonjezera kuthamanga kwa magazi. Ptomatomuscarine ali ndi zotsatira zofanana ndi cholinemuscarine, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti ali ndi mankhwala ofanana. The pharmacological zochita za uromuscarins sanaphunzirepo. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi pharmacological kanthu carnomoscarin.