Momwe Einstein ndi Freud adayesera kuletsa nkhondo

Mu 1931, Institute for Intellectual Cooperation, malinga ndi lingaliro la League of Nations (chitsanzo cha UN), inapempha Albert Einstein kuti asinthane maganizo pa ndale ndi njira zopezera mtendere wapadziko lonse ndi aliyense woganiza zomwe angasankhe. Anasankha Sigmund Freud, yemwe adadutsana naye mwachidule mu 1927. Ngakhale kuti katswiri wamkulu wa fizikia ankakayikira za psychoanalysis, adakondwera ndi ntchito ya Freud.

Einstein analemba kalata yake yoyamba kwa katswiri wa zamaganizo pa April 29, 1931. Freud anavomera chiitano cha kukambitsiranako, koma anachenjeza kuti lingaliro lakelo lingawonekere kukhala lopanda chiyembekezo. M’chakachi, anthu oganiza bwino ankalemberana makalata angapo. Chodabwitsa n’chakuti, zinangofalitsidwa kokha mu 1933, Hitler atayamba kulamulira ku Germany, pomalizira pake anathamangitsa onse aŵiri Freud ndi Einstein m’dzikolo.

Nazi zina zomwe zalembedwa m'buku lakuti "N'chifukwa chiyani timafunikira nkhondo? Kalata yochokera kwa Albert Einstein kupita kwa Sigmund Freud mu 1932 ndikuiyankha.

Einstein kuti Freud

“Kodi munthu amalola bwanji kutengeka ndi chidwi choterechi chomwe chimamupangitsa kuti apereke moyo wake? Pakhoza kukhala yankho limodzi lokha: ludzu la chidani ndi chiwonongeko lili mwa munthu mwini. Munthawi yamtendere, chikhumbo ichi chimakhala chobisika ndipo chimawonekera pokhapokha muzochitika zodabwitsa. Koma zimakhala zosavuta kusewera naye ndikumupatsa mphamvu yamagulu a psychosis. Izi, mwachiwonekere, ndizo zobisika zobisika za zovuta zonse zomwe zikuganiziridwa, mwambi womwe katswiri wodziwa bwino za chibadwa cha munthu angathe kuthetsa. (…)

Kodi n’zotheka kulamulira chisinthiko chamaganizo cha mtundu wa anthu m’njira yoti chikhale cholimbana ndi maganizo a nkhanza ndi chiwonongeko? Apa sindikutanthauza okhawo omwe amati ndi osaphunzira. Zochitika zikuwonetsa kuti nthawi zambiri ndi otchedwa intelligentsia omwe amakonda kuzindikira malingaliro owopsa awa, popeza aluntha samalumikizana mwachindunji ndi "zaukali" zenizeni, koma amakumana ndi zauzimu, mawonekedwe opangira pamasamba atolankhani. (…)

Ndikudziwa kuti m'zolemba zanu titha kupeza, momveka bwino kapena mongoyerekeza, mafotokozedwe a mawonetseredwe onse avuto lofulumira komanso losangalatsa ili. Komabe, mudzatichitira ife utumiki waukulu ngati mupereka vuto la mtendere wapadziko lonse mogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wanu waposachedwapa, ndiyeno, mwinamwake, kuunika kwa choonadi kudzaunikira njira ya njira zatsopano ndi zobala zipatso.

Freud kwa Einstein

"Mumadabwitsidwa kuti anthu amadwala mosavuta matenda a nkhondo, ndipo mukuganiza kuti payenera kukhala chinachake chenicheni kumbuyo kwa izi - chibadwa cha chidani ndi chiwonongeko chomwe chimakhala mwa munthu mwiniyo, yemwe amayendetsedwa ndi otenthetsa. Ndikugwirizana nanu kwathunthu. Ndimakhulupirira kukhalapo kwa chibadwa ichi, ndipo posachedwa, ndi ululu, ndinayang'ana maonekedwe ake openga. (…)

Chidziwitso ichi, popanda kukokomeza, chimagwira ntchito paliponse, zomwe zimatsogolera ku chiwonongeko ndi kuyesetsa kuchepetsa moyo ku mlingo wa chinthu cha inert. Kunena zowona, imayenera kutchedwa dzina lachibadwidwe cha imfa, pomwe zilakolako zogonana zimayimira kulimbana ndi moyo.

Kupita ku zolinga zakunja, chibadwa cha imfa chimadziwonetsera chokha mu mawonekedwe a chiwonongeko cha chiwonongeko. Munthu wamoyo amasunga moyo wake powononga wa wina. Mu mawonekedwe ena, chibadwa cha imfa chimagwira ntchito mwa zamoyo. Tawonapo mawonetseredwe ambiri achibadwa ndi a pathological a kutembenuka kotere kwa chibadwa chowononga.

Ife ngakhale kugwera mu chinyengo kotero kuti tinayamba kufotokoza chiyambi cha chikumbumtima chathu ndi chotero «kutembenuka» mkati mwa aukali zikhumbo. Monga mukumvetsetsa, ngati ndondomeko yamkatiyi ikuyamba kukula, ndi yoopsa kwambiri, choncho kusamutsidwa kwa zikhumbo zowononga kudziko lakunja kuyenera kubweretsa mpumulo.

Motero, timafika pa kulungamitsidwa kwachilengedwe kwa zizoloŵezi zoipa zonse, zoipitsitsa zimene timalimbana nazo mosalekeza. Ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti iwo ali ochulukirapo mu chikhalidwe cha zinthu kuposa kulimbana kwathu ndi iwo.

Kupenda mongoyerekeza kumatilola kunena motsimikiza kuti palibe njira yotsekera zikhumbo zaukali za anthu. Iwo amanena kuti m’makona a dziko lapansi achimwemwe amenewo, mmene chilengedwe chimapereka zipatso zake zochuluka pa munthu, moyo wa anthu umayenda mosangalala, osadziŵa kukakamiza ndi chiwawa. Ndimaona kuti ndizovuta kukhulupirira (…)

A Bolshevik amafunanso kuthetsa nkhanza za anthu mwa kutsimikizira kukhutiritsa zosowa zakuthupi ndi kulinganiza kufanana pakati pa anthu. Ndikhulupirira kuti ziyembekezo zimenezi zidzalephera.

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, a Bolshevik ali kalikiliki kukonza zida zawo, ndipo chidani chawo pa omwe sali nawo sichimathandiza kwenikweni pa mgwirizano wawo. Kotero, monga momwe mumafotokozera za vuto, kuponderezedwa kwa nkhanza zaumunthu sikuli pa ndondomeko; chinthu chokha chimene tingachite ndi kuyesa kusiya nthunzi m'njira ina, kupewa mikangano yankhondo.

Ngati chiwopsezo cha nkhondo chimayamba chifukwa cha chiwonongeko, ndiye kuti mankhwalawo ndi Eros. Chilichonse chomwe chimapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano pakati pa anthu chimakhala ngati njira yothetsera nkhondo. Derali likhoza kukhala la mitundu iwiri. Choyamba ndi kugwirizana koteroko monga kukopa kwa chinthu chachikondi. Psychoanalysts samazengereza kuyitcha chikondi. Chipembedzo chimagwiritsa ntchito chinenero chomwecho: "Uzikonda mnzako monga udzikonda wekha." Chiweruzo chachipembedzochi ndi chosavuta kunena koma chovuta kuchichita.

Kuthekera kwachiwiri kokwaniritsa zonse ndikuzindikiritsa. Chilichonse chomwe chimagogomezera kufanana kwa zokonda za anthu chimatheketsa kuwonetsa chikhalidwe cha anthu, kudziwika, komwe, kwakukulukulu, nyumba yonse ya anthu yakhazikitsidwa.(…)

Mkhalidwe wabwino kaamba ka anthu uli, mwachiwonekere, mkhalidwe pamene munthu aliyense apereka chibadwidwe chake ku chisonkhezero cha kulingalira. Palibenso china chimene chingabweretse mgwirizano wathunthu ndi wokhalitsa woterowo pakati pa anthu, ngakhale zitakhala kuti zingapangitse kusiyana pakati pa anthu ogwirizana. Komabe, chikhalidwe cha zinthu ndichoti sichinthu choposa utopia.

Njira zina zosalunjika zopewera nkhondo, ndithudi, n'zotheka, koma sizingabweretse zotsatira zachangu. Iwo ali ngati mphero imene ikupera pang’onopang’ono moti anthu angalole kufa ndi njala m’malo modikira kuti akupera.” (…)

Munthu aliyense ali ndi kuthekera kodziposa yekha. Nkhondo imachotsa moyo wa chiyembekezo; kumanyozetsa ulemu wa munthu, kum’kakamiza kupha anansi ake mosafuna. Zimawononga chuma chakuthupi, zipatso za ntchito ya anthu ndi zina zambiri.

Kuphatikiza apo, njira zamakono zomenyera nkhondo zimasiya malo ochepa a ngwazi yowona ndipo zingayambitse kuwonongedwa kotheratu kwa m'modzi kapena onse awiri omenyera nkhondo, chifukwa chazovuta kwambiri za njira zamakono zowonongera. Izi nzowonadi kotero kuti sitiyenera kudzifunsa tokha chifukwa chake kumenya nkhondo sikunaletsedwebe ndi chigamulo chofala.