Nkhani yosakhala yopeka
Kalekalelo, m’dziko lina lakutali, zipatso zamatsenga zinamera. Chipatsochi chikhoza kufinyidwa kuti apange mafuta apadera omwe amapangitsa makeke kukhala athanzi, sopo kukhala thovu kwambiri, ndipo tchipisi tofuntha kwambiri. Mafutawo amatha kupangitsa kuti lipstick ikhale yosalala komanso kuti ayisikilimu asasungunuke. Chifukwa cha makhalidwe abwino amenewa, anthu ochokera m’mayiko osiyanasiyana anabwera ku chipatsochi n’kupanga mafuta ambiri. Kumalo kumene zipatso zinkamera, anthu anawotcha nkhalango kuti abzale mitengo yambiri yokhala ndi chipatsochi, kuchititsa utsi wambiri ndi kuthamangitsa nyama zonse za m’nkhalango m’nyumba zawo. Nkhalango zoyaka moto zinatulutsa mpweya wotenthetsa mpweya. Zinangoyimitsa anthu ena, koma osati onse. Chipatsocho chinali chabwino kwambiri.
Tsoka ilo, iyi ndi nkhani yowona. Chipatso cha mtengo wa kanjedza wamafuta ( Elaeis guineensis ), chomwe chimamera m’madera otentha, chili ndi mafuta a masamba ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Sizingawonongeke mukakazinga ndikusakanikirana bwino ndi mafuta ena. Mtengo wake wotsika mtengo umapangitsa kukhala wotsika mtengo kuposa mafuta a thonje kapena mpendadzuwa. Amapereka thovu pafupifupi pafupifupi shampoo iliyonse, sopo wamadzimadzi kapena chotsukira. Opanga zodzoladzola amazikonda kuposa mafuta anyama kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mosavuta komanso mtengo wake wotsika. Ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati chakudya chotsika mtengo chamafuta amafuta, makamaka ku European Union. Zimagwira ntchito ngati chitetezo chachilengedwe muzakudya zosinthidwa ndipo zimakweza kusungunuka kwa ayisikilimu. Mitengo ndi masamba a kanjedza wamafuta atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu chilichonse kuyambira plywood mpaka gulu la National Car of Malaysia.
Kupanga mafuta a kanjedza padziko lonse lapansi kwakhala kukukulirakulira kwazaka makumi asanu. Kuchokera m’chaka cha 1995 kufika mu 2015, zokolola za pachaka zawonjezeka kuwirikiza kanayi kuchoka pa matani 15,2 miliyoni kufika pa matani 62,6 miliyoni. Akuyembekezeka kuwirikiza kanayi pofika 2050 kufikira matani 240 miliyoni. Kuchuluka kwa mafuta a kanjedza ndi kodabwitsa: minda yomwe imapangidwa ndi 10% ya malo olimapo padziko lonse lapansi. Masiku ano, anthu 3 biliyoni m’maiko 150 amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala okhala ndi mafuta a kanjedza. Padziko lonse lapansi, aliyense wa ife amadya pafupifupi 8 kg ya mafuta a kanjedza pachaka.
Mwa awa, 85% ali ku Malaysia ndi Indonesia, komwe kufunikira kwa mafuta a kanjedza padziko lonse lapansi kwawonjezera ndalama, makamaka kumidzi, koma pamtengo wa chiwonongeko chachikulu cha chilengedwe komanso nthawi zambiri kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ndi ntchito. Gwero lalikulu la mpweya wotenthetsa dziko ku Indonesia, dziko la anthu 261 miliyoni, ndi moto wofuna kugwetsa nkhalango ndi kupanga minda yatsopano ya mgwalangwa. Chilimbikitso chandalama chopanga mafuta ochulukirapo a kanjedza chikutenthetsa dziko lapansi, ndikuwononga malo okhawo a akambuku a Sumatran, ma rhinos a Sumatran ndi anyani, kuwakankhira ku kutha.
Komabe, nthawi zambiri ogula sadziwa kuti akugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa. Kafukufuku wamafuta a kanjedza amalemba zinthu zopitilira 200 zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazakudya ndi kunyumba ndi zosamalira anthu zomwe zili ndi mafuta a kanjedza, pafupifupi 10% yokha yomwe ili ndi mawu oti " kanjedza".
Kodi chinalowa bwanji m’miyoyo yathu?
Kodi mafuta a kanjedza alowa bwanji mbali zonse za moyo wathu? Palibe zatsopano zomwe zapangitsa kuti mafuta a kanjedza achuluke kwambiri. M'malo mwake, chinali chinthu chabwino kwambiri pa nthawi yoyenera kwa mafakitale pambuyo pa mafakitale, omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito m'malo mwa zosakaniza ndipo sanabwererenso. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mafuta a kanjedza amaonedwa ndi mayiko omwe akupanga ngati njira yothetsera umphawi, ndipo mabungwe azachuma padziko lonse amawona kuti ndi njira yowonjezera maiko omwe akutukuka kumene. International Monetary Fund inakankhira Malaysia ndi Indonesia kuti awonjezere kupanga.
Pamene makampani a kanjedza akuchulukirachulukira, oteteza zachilengedwe komanso magulu achilengedwe monga Greenpeace ayamba kudandaula za kuwononga kwake pakutulutsa mpweya wa carbon ndi malo okhala nyama zakuthengo. Poyankha, pakhala kutsutsana ndi mafuta a kanjedza, ndi sitolo ya ku UK ku Iceland ikulonjeza mwezi wa April kuti idzachotsa mafuta a kanjedza kuzinthu zonse zamtundu wake kumapeto kwa 2018. Mu December, Norway inaletsa kuitanitsa mafuta a biofuels.
Koma pamene chidziwitso cha momwe mafuta a kanjedza amakhudzidwira chafalikira, chakhazikika kwambiri m'chuma cha ogula kotero kuti mwina sangachedwe kuchotsa. Kunena zoona, sitolo yayikulu yaku Iceland idalephera kukwaniritsa lonjezo lake la 2018. M'malo mwake, kampaniyo idamaliza kuchotsa chizindikiro chake pazinthu zomwe zili ndi mafuta a kanjedza.
Kuzindikira kuti ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zili ndi mafuta a kanjedza, osatchulapo momwe zimasungidwira, zimafunikira chidziwitso champhamvu cha ogula. Mulimonsemo, kudziwitsa ogula kumayiko akumadzulo sikungakhudze kwambiri, chifukwa Europe ndi US zili ndi ndalama zosakwana 14% yazomwe zimafunikira padziko lonse lapansi. Zoposa theka la zofuna zapadziko lonse lapansi zimachokera ku Asia.
Zakhala zaka 20 zabwino kuyambira nthawi yoyamba yodetsa nkhalango ku Brazil, pamene ntchito ya ogula idachepetsedwa, osati kuimitsa, chiwonongeko. Ndi mafuta a kanjedza, “zenizeni n’zakuti mayiko akumadzulo ndi ochepa chabe mwa ogula, ndipo dziko lonse lapansi silisamala. Chifukwa chake palibe zolimbikitsa zambiri zosintha, "atero a Neil Blomquist, woyang'anira wamkulu wa Colorado Natural Habitat, yomwe imapanga mafuta a kanjedza ku Ecuador ndi Sierra Leone omwe ali ndi ziphaso zapamwamba kwambiri zokhazikika.
Kulamulira kwapadziko lonse kwa mafuta a kanjedza ndi chifukwa cha zinthu zisanu: choyamba, m'malo mwa mafuta ochepa athanzi m'zakudya za Kumadzulo; chachiwiri, opanga amaumirira kuti mitengo ikhale yotsika; chachitatu, chalowa m'malo mwa mafuta okwera mtengo m'nyumba ndi zinthu zosamalira anthu; chachinayi, chifukwa cha kutsika mtengo kwake, avomerezedwa mofala ngati mafuta odyedwa m’maiko aku Asia; Potsirizira pake, pamene mayiko a ku Asia akulemera, amayamba kudya mafuta ambiri, makamaka mafuta a kanjedza.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kofala kwa mafuta a kanjedza kunayamba ndi zakudya zokonzedwa. M’zaka za m’ma 1960, asayansi anayamba kuchenjeza kuti mafuta ochuluka kwambiri angayambitse matenda a mtima. Opanga zakudya, kuphatikiza bungwe la Anglo-Dutch conglomerate Unilever, ayamba m'malo mwake ndi margarine wopangidwa ndi mafuta amasamba komanso mafuta ochepa. Komabe, pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, zinaonekeratu kuti njira yopangira batala wa margarine, yotchedwa partial hydrogenation, imapanga mafuta amtundu wina, omwe adakhala opanda thanzi kuposa mafuta odzaza. A Board of Directors a Unilever adawona kupangidwa kwa mgwirizano wasayansi motsutsana ndi mafuta a trans ndipo adaganiza zochotsa. "Unilever nthawi zonse ikudziwa za thanzi la ogula zinthu zake," adatero James W Kinnear, membala wa bungwe la Unilever panthawiyo.
Kusintha kwachitika mwadzidzidzi. Mu 1994, woyang'anira zoyenga za Unilever Gerrit Van Dijn adalandira foni kuchokera ku Rotterdam. Zomera 15 za Unilever m'maiko 600 zidayenera kuchotsa mafuta ochepa a hydrogenated kuchokera kumafuta XNUMX ophatikizika ndikusintha ndi zigawo zina.
Ntchitoyi, pazifukwa zomwe Van Dein sangathe kufotokoza, idatchedwa "Paddington". Choyamba, adafunikira kudziwa chomwe chingalowe m'malo mwa mafuta osinthika pomwe akusungabe zinthu zabwino, monga kukhala olimba kutentha. Pomalizira pake, panali chosankha chimodzi chokha: mafuta a mgwalangwa, kapena mafuta a mgwalangwa otengedwa m’chipatso chake, kapena mafuta a kanjedza m’mbewu zake. Palibe mafuta ena omwe angayengedwe kuti agwirizane ndi momwe Unilever amapangira ma margarine osiyanasiyana ndi zinthu zophika popanda kupanga mafuta osinthika. Inali njira yokhayo yopangira mafuta ochepa a hydrogenated, Van Dein adatero. Mafuta a kanjedza analinso ndi mafuta ochepa kwambiri.
Kusintha pa chomera chilichonse kumayenera kuchitika nthawi imodzi. Mizere yopanga sinathe kuthana ndi kusakaniza kwa mafuta akale ndi atsopano. "Tsiku lina, akasinja onsewa amayenera kuchotsedwa zinthu zomwe zili ndi zinthu zina ndikudzazidwa ndi zina. Malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili, zinali zovuta kwambiri, "adatero Van Dein.
Chifukwa Unilever nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta a kanjedza m'mbuyomu, njira zogulitsira zinali zitayamba kale kugwira ntchito. Koma zidatenga masabata 6 kuti apereke zopangira kuchokera ku Malaysia kupita ku Europe. Van Dein anayamba kugula mafuta a kanjedza ochulukirachulukira, akumakonza zotumiza kumafakitale osiyanasiyana pa nthawi yake. Ndiyeno tsiku lina mu 1995, pamene magalimoto anaima kunja kwa mafakitale a Unilever ku Ulaya konse, zinachitika.
Iyi inali nthawi yomwe idasintha makampani opanga zakudya mpaka kalekale. Unilever anali mpainiya. Van Deijn atakonza kusintha kwa kampaniyo ku mafuta a kanjedza, pafupifupi makampani onse azakudya adatsata zomwezo. Mu 2001, American Heart Association inatulutsa mawu akuti "zakudya zabwino kwambiri zochepetsera chiopsezo cha matenda aakulu ndi zomwe mafuta odzaza mafuta amachepetsedwa ndipo ma trans-fatty acids amachotsedwa m'mafuta opangidwa." Masiku ano, mafuta opitilira magawo awiri mwa atatu a mafuta a kanjedza amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku EU kumapitirira katatu kuyambira polojekiti ya Paddington mpaka 2015. Chaka chomwecho, US Food and Drug Administration inapatsa opanga zakudya zaka 3 kuti athetse mafuta onse amtundu uliwonse kuchokera ku margarine, cookie, keke, pie, popcorn, pizza wozizira, donut ndi makeke ogulitsidwa ku US. Pafupifupi onse a iwo tsopano asinthidwa ndi mafuta a kanjedza.
Poyerekeza ndi mafuta onse a kanjedza omwe tsopano akugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Ulaya ndi US, Asia imagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri: India, China ndi Indonesia ndi pafupifupi 40% ya ogula mafuta a kanjedza padziko lonse lapansi. Kukula kunali kofulumira kwambiri ku India, kumene kukwera kwachuma kunali chinthu chinanso chomwe chinapangitsa kutchuka kwatsopano kwa mafuta a kanjedza.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino pakukula kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi komanso m'mbiri yonse ndikuti kudya kwamafuta ndi anthu kukukulirakulira mogwirizana ndi zomwe amapeza. Kuchokera mu 1993 mpaka 2013, GDP ya India pa munthu aliyense idakwera kuchoka pa $298 kufika pa $1452. Panthawi yomweyi, kudya mafuta kunawonjezeka ndi 35% m'madera akumidzi ndi 25% m'matauni, ndi mafuta a kanjedza omwe ndi gawo lalikulu la kukwera uku. Fair Price Shops zothandizidwa ndi boma, njira yogawa chakudya kwa osauka, inayamba kugulitsa mafuta a kanjedza ochokera kunja mu 1978, makamaka ophikira. Patatha zaka ziwiri, masitolo 290 adatsitsa matani 000. Pofika chaka cha 273, mafuta a kanjedza ochokera ku India adakwera kufika matani pafupifupi 500 miliyoni, kufika pa matani oposa 1995 miliyoni ndi 1. M’zaka zimenezo, umphaŵi unatsika ndi theka, ndipo chiwerengero cha anthu chinakula ndi 2015%.
Koma mafuta a kanjedza sagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuphika kunyumba ku India. Masiku ano ndi gawo lalikulu lazakudya zomwe zikukula mwachangu mdziko muno. Msika wofulumira wa chakudya ku India udakula ndi 83% pakati pa 2011 ndi 2016 wokha. Pizza ya Domino, Subway, Pizza Hut, KFC, Mcdonald's ndi Dunkin' Donuts, onse omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta a kanjedza, tsopano ali ndi malo ogulitsa zakudya 2784 mdziko muno. Panthawi yomweyi, kugulitsa zakudya zomwe zili m'matumba kunakwera ndi 138% chifukwa zakudya zambiri zomwe zili ndi mafuta a kanjedza zitha kugulidwa ndi ndalama.
Kusinthasintha kwa mafuta a kanjedza sikungokhala chakudya. Mosiyana ndi mafuta ena, amatha kupatulidwa mosavuta komanso motsika mtengo m'mafuta osiyanasiyana, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yogwiritsidwanso ntchito. "Ili ndi mwayi waukulu chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwake," adatero Carl Beck-Nielsen, mkulu wa bungwe la United Plantations Berhad, wopanga mafuta a kanjedza ku Malaysia.
Bizinesi yazakudya zokonzedwanso itangozindikira zamatsenga zamafuta a kanjedza, mafakitale monga zopangira zosamalira anthu komanso mafuta oyendera nawonso adayamba kuwagwiritsa ntchito m'malo mwa mafuta ena.
Monga mafuta a kanjedza agwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, adalowanso m'malo mwa mankhwala a nyama mu zotsukira ndi zinthu zosamalira anthu monga sopo, shampoo, mafuta odzola, ndi zina zotero. Masiku ano, 70% ya mankhwala osamalira munthu ali ndi chimodzi kapena zingapo zotuluka mafuta a kanjedza.
Monga momwe Van Dein adatulukira ku Unilever kuti mafuta a kanjedza anali abwino kwa iwo, opanga omwe akufunafuna njira zina m'malo mwa mafuta anyama apeza kuti mafuta a kanjedza ali ndi mafuta amtundu wofanana ndi mafuta anyama. Palibe njira ina yomwe ingapereke mapindu omwewo pazinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Signer amakhulupirira kuti kuphulika kwa bovine spongiform encephalopathy kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, pamene matenda a ubongo pakati pa ng'ombe anafalikira kwa anthu omwe amadya nyama ya ng'ombe, adayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa zizoloŵezi zodyera. "Malingaliro a anthu, malonda amtundu ndi malonda agwirizana kuti asiyane ndi nyama zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mafashoni monga chisamaliro chaumwini."
Kale, mafuta akamagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati sopo, mafuta a nyama ankagwiritsidwa ntchito. Tsopano, poyankha chikhumbo cha ogula cha zosakaniza zomwe zimawoneka ngati "zachilengedwe", opanga sopo, zotsukira ndi zodzoladzola zalowa m'malo mwazogulitsa zam'deralo ndi zomwe ziyenera kunyamulidwa pamtunda wamakilomita masauzande ambiri ndikuwononga chilengedwe m'maiko momwe zilili. opangidwa. Ngakhale, ndithudi, malonda a nyama amabweretsa kuwonongeka kwawo kwa chilengedwe.
Zomwezo zinachitikanso ndi biofuels - cholinga chochepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe chinali ndi zotsatira zosayembekezereka. Mu 1997, lipoti la European Commission lidapempha kuti chiwonjezeko cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera kuzinthu zongowonjezera. Zaka zitatu pambuyo pake, adatchula za ubwino wa chilengedwe cha biofuels pamayendedwe ndipo mu 2009 adadutsa Renewable Energy Directive, yomwe imaphatikizapo 10% ya gawo la mafuta oyendera omwe amachokera ku biofuels pofika 2020.
Mosiyana ndi chakudya, chisamaliro chapanyumba ndi chaumwini, komwe chemistry yamafuta a kanjedza imapangitsa kuti ikhale njira ina yabwino pankhani yamafuta amafuta, kanjedza, soya, canola ndi mafuta a mpendadzuwa amagwira ntchito mofanana. Koma mafuta a kanjedza ali ndi mwayi umodzi waukulu kuposa mafuta opikisana awa - mtengo.
Pakali pano, minda ya kanjedza yamafuta imatenga mahekitala oposa 27 miliyoni padziko lapansi. Nkhalango ndi malo okhala anthu zathetsedwa ndipo m’malo mwa “zinyalala zobiriŵira” zimene kwenikweni zilibe zamoyo zosiyanasiyana m’dera la ukulu wa New Zealand.
Zotsatira
Nyengo yotentha, yachinyontho ya kumadera otentha imapatsa malo abwino olima kanjedza. Tsiku ndi tsiku, nkhalango zazikulu za ku Southeast Asia, Latin America ndi Africa zikuwotchedwa kapena kuwotchedwa kuti minda yatsopano ipezeke, ndikutulutsa mpweya wochuluka kwambiri mumlengalenga. Zotsatira zake, Indonesia, yomwe imapanga mafuta ambiri a kanjedza padziko lonse lapansi, idagonjetsa US mu mpweya wowonjezera kutentha mu 2015. Kuphatikizapo mpweya wa CO2 ndi methane, mafuta opangidwa ndi mafuta a kanjedza ali ndi mphamvu yowirikiza katatu kusiyana kwa nyengo ya mafuta achilengedwe.
Pamene malo awo okhala m’nkhalango akuwonongeka, zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang’ono kutha monga anyani, njovu za ku Bornean ndi akambuku aku Sumatran zikuyandikira kutha. Anthu ang'onoang'ono ndi amwenye omwe akhala akukhala ndi kuteteza nkhalango kwa mibadwo yambiri nthawi zambiri amathamangitsidwa m'mayiko awo mwankhanza. Ku Indonesia, mikangano yoposa 700 ya nthaka ikukhudzana ndi kupanga mafuta a kanjedza. Kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu kumachitika tsiku ndi tsiku, ngakhale m'minda yomwe amati ndi "yokhazikika" ndi "organic".
Nchiyani chingachitike?
Orangutan 70 amangoyendayendabe m’nkhalango za kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Asia, koma mfundo za mafuta opangira zinthu zachilengedwe zikuwapangitsa kuti atsala pang’ono kutha. Munda uliwonse watsopano ku Borneo umawononga malo ena okhalamo. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa andale ndikofunikira ngati tikufuna kupulumutsa achibale athu amitengo. Kupatulapo zimenezi, palinso zambiri zimene tingachite m’moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.
Sangalalani ndi chakudya chakunyumba. Muziphika nokha ndikugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ena monga azitona kapena mpendadzuwa.
Werengani zolemba. Malamulo olembera amafunikira kuti opanga zakudya afotokoze momveka bwino zosakaniza. Komabe, pankhani ya zinthu zopanda zakudya monga zodzoladzola ndi zotsukira, mayina osiyanasiyana a mankhwala angagwiritsidwebe ntchito kubisa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a kanjedza. Dziwani bwino mayinawa ndikupewa.
Lembani kwa opanga. Makampani amatha kukhala okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nkhani zomwe zimapatsa katundu wawo mbiri yoyipa, kotero kufunsa opanga ndi ogulitsa kungapangitse kusiyana kwenikweni. Kuponderezedwa ndi anthu komanso kudziwitsa anthu zambiri za nkhaniyi kwapangitsa alimi ena kuti asiye kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a kanjedza.
Siyani galimoto kunyumba. Ngati n’kotheka, yendani kapena kukwera njinga.
Khalani odziwitsidwa ndikudziwitsa ena. Amalonda akuluakulu ndi maboma akufuna kuti tikhulupirire kuti mafuta opangira mafuta ndi abwino kwa nyengo komanso kuti minda ya kanjedza yamafuta ndi yokhazikika. Gawani zambiri ndi achibale anu komanso anzanu.