Umunthu

Chidziwitso (lat. identicus - chofanana, chofanana) - kuzindikira kwa munthu kuti ali ndi malo enaake a chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu mkati mwa ndondomeko ya maudindo a anthu ndi mayiko odzikuza. Identity, kuchokera kumalingaliro amalingaliro am'maganizo (Erik Erickson), ndi mtundu wapakatikati pamayendedwe amoyo wamunthu aliyense. Zimatengera mawonekedwe amalingaliro amange muunyamata, ndipo magwiridwe antchito a munthu wamkulu wodziyimira pawokha amadalira mawonekedwe ake. Identity imatsimikizira kuthekera kwa munthu kuti atengere zochitika zaumwini ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndikusunga umphumphu wake ndi kugonjera kudziko lakunja lomwe lingasinthe.

Kapangidwe kameneka kamapangidwa mu njira yophatikizira ndi kubwezeretsedwanso pamlingo wa intrapsychic wa zotsatira za kuthetsa mavuto oyambira amalingaliro, omwe amafanana ndi gawo lazaka zakukula kwa umunthu. Pankhani ya chisankho chabwino cha izi kapena zovutazo, munthuyo amapeza mphamvu yeniyeni ya ego, yomwe sikuti imangoganizira momwe umunthu umagwirira ntchito, komanso kumathandiza kuti chitukuko chake chikhale chowonjezereka. Kupanda kutero, mtundu wina wa kupatukana umadza - mtundu wa «chopereka» ku chisokonezo cha kudziwika.

Erik Erickson, pofotokoza kuti ndani, akufotokoza izi m'njira zingapo, zomwe ndi:

• Munthu payekhapayekha ndi chidziwitso chodziwikiratu kuti ndi wosiyana ndi munthu payekha komanso kukhalapo kwake kosiyana.
• Chidziwitso ndi kukhulupirika - kudzimva kuti ndi ndani, kupitiriza pakati pa zomwe munthu anali m'mbuyomo ndi zomwe akulonjeza kuti adzakhala m'tsogolo; kumverera kuti moyo uli ndi mgwirizano ndi tanthauzo.
• Umodzi ndi kaphatikizidwe - lingaliro la mgwirizano wamkati ndi umodzi, kaphatikizidwe wa zithunzi za iwe mwini ndi zizindikiritso za ana kukhala watanthauzo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano.
• Mgwirizano wa anthu ndi kumverera kwa mgwirizano wamkati ndi malingaliro a anthu ndi kagulu kakang'ono momwemo, kumverera kuti umunthu wake ndi womveka kwa anthu omwe amalemekezedwa ndi munthu uyu (gulu lachidziwitso) komanso kuti zimagwirizana ndi zomwe akuyembekezera.

Erickson amasiyanitsa malingaliro awiri odalirana - kudziwika kwa gulu ndi ego-identity. Chidziwitso chamagulu chimapangidwa chifukwa chakuti kuyambira tsiku loyamba la moyo, kulera mwana kumayang'ana kwambiri kumuphatikiza mu gulu linalake lachitukuko, pakupanga dziko lapansi lomwe liri mu gulu ili. Ego-identity imapangidwa mofanana ndi kudziwika kwa gulu ndipo imapanga m'nkhaniyi kukhala bata ndi kupitiriza kwa Self yake, ngakhale kusintha komwe kumachitika kwa munthu pakukula kwake ndi chitukuko.

Mapangidwe a ego-identity kapena, mwa kuyankhula kwina, kukhulupirika kwa umunthu kumapitirira moyo wonse wa munthu ndipo kumadutsa magawo angapo:

1. Gawo loyamba la chitukuko cha munthu (kuyambira kubadwa mpaka chaka). Vuto Loyamba: Kukhulupirirana ndi Kusakhulupirira. Kuthekera kwa ego-mphamvu ya gawoli ndi chiyembekezo, ndipo kudzipatula komwe kungakhalepo ndi chisokonezo kwakanthawi.
2. Gawo lachiwiri la chitukuko cha munthu (chaka chimodzi mpaka zaka 1). Mavuto Oyamba: Kudziyimira pawokha vs. Manyazi ndi Kukayikira. Kuthekera kwa ego-mphamvu ndi kufuna, ndipo kuthekera kodzipatula ndikudzidziwitsa nokha.
3. Gawo lachitatu la chitukuko cha munthu (kuyambira zaka 3 mpaka 6). Vuto lalikulu: kuyambitsa motsutsana ndi kulakwa. Kuthekera kwa ego-mphamvu ndikutha kuwona cholinga ndikuyesetsa kuchikwaniritsa, ndipo kudzipatula komwe kungakhalepo ndikokhazikika kokhazikika.
4. Gawo lachinayi la chitukuko cha munthu (kuyambira zaka 6 mpaka 12). Vuto Loyamba: Kukwanitsa ndi Kulephera. Kudzidalira komwe kungathe kukhala mphamvu ndi chidaliro, ndipo kudzipatula komwe kungatheke ndikuyimitsa zochita.
5. Gawo lachisanu la chitukuko cha munthu (kuyambira zaka 12 mpaka zaka 21). Mavuto Oyamba: Chidziwitso motsutsana ndi Chisokonezo Chodziwika. Mphamvu zodzikweza ndizokwanira, ndipo kudzipatula ndikokwanira.
6. Gawo lachisanu ndi chimodzi la chitukuko cha munthu (kuyambira zaka 21 mpaka 25). Vuto lalikulu: ubwenzi kutsutsana ndi kudzipatula. Mphamvu yomwe ingathe kukhala yodzikuza ndi chikondi, ndipo kudzipatula komwe kungatheke ndikukana mwankhanza.
7. Gawo lachisanu ndi chiwiri la chitukuko cha munthu (kuyambira zaka 25 mpaka 60). Vuto lalikulu: kusinthika motsutsana ndi kuyimirira. Mphamvu yodzikuza yomwe ingathe kukhala yosamalira, ndipo kudzipatula komwe kungakhalepo ndi ulamuliro wa authoritarianism.
8. Gawo lachisanu ndi chitatu la chitukuko cha munthu (pambuyo pa zaka 60). Mavuto Oyamba: Kukhulupirika motsutsana ndi Kutaya mtima. Kuthekera kwa ego-mphamvu ndi nzeru, ndipo kuthekera kodzipatula ndiko kusimidwa.

Gawo lirilonse la kayendetsedwe ka moyo limadziwika ndi ntchito yapadera yomwe imayikidwa patsogolo ndi anthu. Sosaite imatsimikiziranso zomwe zili mu chitukuko pazigawo zosiyanasiyana za moyo. Malinga ndi Erickson, njira yothetsera vutoli imadalira pa msinkhu wa chitukuko chomwe munthu wapeza kale komanso chikhalidwe chauzimu cha anthu omwe akukhala.

Kusintha kuchokera ku mtundu wina wodziwikiratu kupita ku wina kumayambitsa zovuta zachinsinsi. Zovuta, malinga ndi Erickson, si matenda a umunthu, osati chiwonetsero cha matenda a ubongo, koma kusintha, "mphindi zosankha pakati pa kupita patsogolo ndi kubwereranso, kuphatikiza ndi kuchedwa."

Monga ofufuza ambiri akukula kwazaka, Erickson adapereka chidwi chapadera paunyamata, womwe umadziwika ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri. Ubwana ukupita kumapeto. Kukwaniritsidwa kwa gawo lalikululi la njira ya moyo kumadziwika ndi kupangidwa kwa mawonekedwe ofunikira a ego-identity. Mizere itatu ya chitukuko imayambitsa vutoli: kukula msanga kwa thupi ndi kutha msinkhu ("kusintha kwa thupi"); kutanganidwa ndi “momwe ndimaonekera pamaso pa ena”, “chimene ndili”; kufunikira kopeza ntchito yaukadaulo yomwe imakwaniritsa maluso omwe adapeza, luso la munthu payekha komanso zofuna za anthu.

Vuto lalikulu lodziwika bwino limagwera paunyamata. Chotsatira cha gawo ili lachitukuko mwina ndi kupeza "chidziwitso cha munthu wamkulu" kapena kuchedwa kwachitukuko, chomwe chimatchedwa kudziwika.

Nthaŵi yapakati pa unyamata ndi uchikulire, pamene wachinyamata akufuna kupeza malo ake m’chitaganya mwa kuyesa ndi kulakwa, Erickson anatcha mental moratorium. Kuopsa kwa vutoli kumadalira kuthetsa mavuto oyambirira (kudalira, kudziyimira pawokha, zochita, ndi zina zotero), komanso pazochitika zonse zauzimu za anthu. Vuto losagonjetsedwa limabweretsa chizindikiritso chodziwika bwino, chomwe chimapanga maziko a matenda apadera aunyamata. Erickson's Identity Pathology Syndrome:

• kubwereranso ku msinkhu wa khanda ndi chikhumbo chofuna kuchedwetsa kupeza munthu wamkulu kwa nthawi yayitali;
• mkhalidwe wosadziwika bwino koma wosalekeza wa nkhawa;
• kudzimva kukhala pawekha ndi kudziona ngati wopanda pake;
• kukhala mosalekeza mu mkhalidwe wa chinachake chimene chingasinthe moyo;
• kuopa kulankhulana kwaumwini ndi kulephera kusonkhezera maganizo anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi anzawo;
• chidani ndi kunyozedwa kwa maudindo onse odziwika, ngakhale amuna ndi akazi;
• kunyozetsa chirichonse zapakhomo ndi zokonda mopanda nzeru kwa chirichonse chachilendo (pa mfundo ya «ndi bwino kumene ife sitiri»). Zikafika poipa, pali kufufuza zoipa kudziwika, chilakolako «kukhala kanthu» monga njira yokhayo kudzitsimikizira.

Kupeza kudziwika ndikukhala ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamoyo wa munthu aliyense lerolino, ndipo, ndithudi, maziko a ntchito ya akatswiri a zamaganizo. Pamaso pa funso "Ndine ndani?" zinayambitsa kuwerengetsa maudindo achikhalidwe. Masiku ano, kuposa ndi kale lonse, kufunafuna yankho kumafuna kulimba mtima kwapadera ndi kulingalira bwino.