Zigawozo ndi chophimba chakunja cha thupi. Mwa anthu, ndi khungu ndi zomangira zake monga integuments: tsitsi, tsitsi, misomali. Ntchito yaikulu ya integuments ndi kuteteza chamoyo ku kuukira ku chilengedwe kunja. Mafotokozedwe.

Zigawozo ndi chophimba chakunja cha thupi. Amaonetsetsa chitetezo cha thupi ku kuukira kangapo kuchokera ku chilengedwe chakunja. Amapangidwa ndi khungu ndi mapangidwe osiyanasiyana kapena zopangira khungu.

Khungu limapangidwa ndi zigawo zitatu zomwe zimachokera ku minyewa iwiri yosiyana ya embryological: ectoderm ndi mesoderm. Izi 3 zigawo za khungu ndi:

• epidermis (yowoneka pamwamba pa khungu);
• dermis (yomwe ili pansi pa epidermis);
• hypodermis (wozama kwambiri).

Pamwamba pa integument ndi chofunika kwambiri, kuyambira ndi khungu lomwe lili za 2 m², kulemera kwa 4 mpaka 10 kg mwa akuluakulu. Kuchuluka kwa khungu, 2 mm pafupifupi, kumasiyana 1 mm pa mlingo wa zikope mpaka 4 mm pa mlingo wa zikhatho za manja ndi mapazi mapazi.

Khungu ndilo gawo lalikulu. Amapangidwa ndi zigawo zitatu: epidermis, dermis ndi hypodermis.

The epidermis, pamwamba pa khungu

Epidermis ili pamwamba pa khungu. Amakhala ndi epithelium ndi ma cell olumikizana a ectodermal. Ndilo chitetezo chachikulu cha thupi. The epidermis si vascularized. Zida zina zothandizira zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi izo, monga misomali (misomali, tsitsi, tsitsi, ndi zina zotero) ndi zotupa zapakhungu.

Pansi pa epidermis ndi basal wosanjikiza. Imakutidwa ndi ma cell majeremusi otchedwa keratinocyte (maselo omwe amapanga keratin). M'kupita kwa nthawi, kudzikundikira keratin m'maselo kumabweretsa imfa. A wosanjikiza wa akufa maselo otchedwa stratum corneum imakwirira pamwamba pa epidermis. Wosanjikiza wosasunthikawu amateteza thupi ndipo amachotsedwa ndi njira ya desquamation.

Pansi pa epidermal basal wosanjikiza pali minyewa yolumikizana ndi ma cell a mitsempha mu epidermis kapena Ma cell a Merckel.

Epidermis ilinso ndi ma melanocyte omwe amapanga njere za melanin zomwe zimalola chitetezo cha UV ndikupatsa khungu mtundu wake.

Pamwamba pa basal layer pali prickly layer yomwe ili Maselo a Langerhans omwe amagwira ntchito yoteteza chitetezo. Pamwamba pa mingayo pali granular wosanjikiza (wokwera ndi stratum corneum).

Dermis, minofu yothandizira

Le khungu ndi minofu yothandizira ya epidermis. Amapangidwa ndi minofu yolumikizana ya mesodermal chiyambi. Amawoneka omasuka kuposa epidermis. Lili ndi zolandilira kukhudza kukhudza ndi zolumikizira khungu.

Ndi minofu yopatsa thanzi ya epidermis chifukwa cha vascularization yake: yomwe ili ndi zotengera zambiri zamagazi ndi zamitsempha, zimatsimikizira kuperekedwa kwa okosijeni ndi michere kumapangidwe amtundu wa integumentary system ndikubwezeretsanso zinyalala (CO).², ureas, etc.) ku ziwalo zoyeretsera (mapapo, impso, etc.). Amathandizanso pakupanga mapangidwe a chigoba (mwa dermal ossification).

Dermis imapangidwa ndi mitundu iwiri ya ulusi wolukanalukana: ulusi wa collagen ndi ulusi wa elastin. Collagen imatenga nawo gawo mu hydration ya dermis pomwe elastin imapatsa mphamvu ndi kukana. Ulusi uwu umapangidwa ndi fibroblasts.

Mathero a mitsempha amadutsa dermis ndikulowa mu epidermis. Palinso ma corpuscles osiyanasiyana:

• Thupi la Meissner (lomvera kukhudza);
• Ruffini's corpuscles (yomvera kutentha);
• Pacini's corpuscles (pressure sensitive).

Pomaliza, dermis ili ndi mitundu ingapo ya maselo a pigment (otchedwa chromatophores).

The hypodermis, wosanjikiza wakuya

L'hypoderme zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi khungu popanda kwenikweni kukhala mbali yake. Amapangidwa ndi minofu yolumikizana ndi adipose (yochokera ku mesodermal) monga momwe imakhalira m'madera ena a thupi. Minofu iyi ili ngati dermis yomasuka kuposa epidermis.

Zopangira khungu zili mu dermis.

Zida za pilosebaceous

Izi zikuphatikizapo:

• za tsitsi lomwe limapangitsa kupanga tsitsi;
• sebaceous gland yomwe imatulutsa sebum;
• suboriparous apocrine gland yomwe imanyamula mauthenga onunkhira;
• wa minofu ya pilomotor yomwe imapangitsa tsitsi kuwongoka.

The eccrine thukuta zida

Amatulutsa thukuta lotulutsidwa ndi pores.

Zida za msomali

Zimapanga msomali.

The integument imagwira ntchito zambiri m'thupi:

• Chitetezo ku UV, madzi ndi chinyezi (wosanjikiza madzi), zoopsa, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, etc.;
• Zomverera ntchito : zolandilira zomverera pakhungu zimalola kumva kutentha, kupanikizika, kukhudza, etc.;
• kaphatikizidwe ka vitamini D;
• Kutulutsa zinthu ndi zinyalala;
• Kuwongolera kutentha (mwa kutuluka thukuta kuti azitha kuyendetsa kutentha kwa mkati, etc.).