Mapapo (kuchokera ku Latin pulmo, -onis) ndi ziwalo za kupuma, zomwe zili mkati mwa nthiti.

malo. Awiri mu chiwerengero, mapapu ali mu thorax, makamaka mkati mwa khola la thoracic kumene amakhala ambiri. Mapapu awiri, kumanja ndi kumanzere, amasiyanitsidwa ndi mediastinum, yomwe ili pakati ndipo imapangidwa makamaka ndi mtima (1) (2).

Pleural cavity. Mapapo aliwonse amazunguliridwa ndi pleural cavity (3), yomwe imapangidwa kuchokera ku nembanemba ziwiri:

• wosanjikiza wamkati, pokhudzana ndi mapapo, wotchedwa pulmonary pleura;
• wosanjikiza kunja, pokhudzana ndi khoma pachifuwa, wotchedwa parietal pleura.

Mphunoyi imapangidwa ndi madzimadzi a serous, transudate, omwe amalola mapapu kuti azitha. Setiyi imathandizanso kusunga mapapo ndikuletsa kugwa.

Mapangidwe onse a mapapu. Mapapo amanja ndi akumanzere amalumikizidwa ndi bronchi ndi trachea.

• Trachea. The trachea, kupuma ngalande akubwera kuchokera m`phuno, akudutsa pakati pa mapapo awiri kumtunda ndi kupatukana awiri lamanja ndi lamanzere bronchi.
• Bronchi. Bronchus iliyonse imayikidwa pamlingo wa mapapu. M'mapapo, bronchi imagawikana kupanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi ting'onoting'ono mpaka kumatenda a bronchioles.

Mawonekedwe a piramidi, mapapo ali ndi nkhope zingapo:

• Nkhope yakunja, yolumikizana ndi grill yotsika mtengo;
• Nkhope yamkati, kumene bronchi imalowetsedwa ndipo mitsempha ya magazi imazungulira;
• Pansi, yokhazikika pa diaphragm.

Mapapo amapangidwanso ndi minyewa, yolekanitsidwa ndi ming'alu: ziwiri za kumanzere ndi zitatu za kumanja (2).

Lobe kapangidwe. Lobe iliyonse imapangidwa ndipo imagwira ntchito ngati mapapo ang'onoang'ono. Amakhala ndi nthambi za bronchi komanso mitsempha ya m'mapapo ndi mitsempha. Mathero a bronchi, otchedwa terminal bronchioles, amapanga thumba: acinus. Chomalizacho chimapangidwa ndi madontho angapo: pulmonary alveoli. Acinus ili ndi khoma lochepa kwambiri lolumikizana ndi mpweya wochokera ku bronchioles ndi maukonde opangidwa ndi mitsempha ya m'mapapo mwanga (2).

Double vascularization. Mapapo amalandira kawiri vascularization:

• ntchito ya vascularization yopangidwa ndi maukonde a mitsempha ya m'mapapo ndi mitsempha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magazi azilowa m'magazi;
• nutritive vascularization yopangidwa ndi mitsempha ya bronchial ndi mitsempha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kupereka zinthu zofunika kuti mapapu agwire bwino ntchito (2).

Mapapo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popuma komanso kupereka okosijeni m'magazi.

Pneumothorax. Matendawa amafanana ndi kulowa kwa mpweya mu pleural cavity, danga pakati pa mapapo ndi nthiti. Zimawoneka ngati kupweteka pachifuwa, nthawi zina kumalumikizidwa ndi kupuma movutikira (3).

Chibayo. Matendawa ndi pachimake kupuma matenda okhudza mapapu. Ma alveoli amakhudzidwa ndikudzazidwa ndi mafinya ndi madzimadzi, zomwe zimayambitsa vuto la kupuma. Matenda amatha kuyambitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya, ma virus kapena mafangasi (4).

TB. Matendawa amafanana ndi matenda a bakiteriya omwe amapezeka m'mapapo. Zizindikiro zake ndi chifuwa chosatha ndi kukhetsa magazi, kutentha thupi kwambiri ndi kutuluka thukuta usiku, komanso kuchepa thupi (5).

Pachimake bronchitis. Matendawa amayamba chifukwa cha matenda, nthawi zambiri ma virus, mu bronchi. Nthawi zambiri m'nyengo yozizira, zimayambitsa chifuwa ndi malungo.

Matenda a khansa. Ma cell chotupa owopsa amatha kukhala m'mapapo ndi bronchi. Khansara yamtunduwu ndi imodzi mwa khansa yofala kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi (6).

Chithandizo cha mankhwala. Kutengera ndi matenda omwe apezeka, mankhwala osiyanasiyana amatha kuperekedwa monga maantibayotiki kapena analgesics.

Chithandizo cha opaleshoni. Kutengera ndi matenda omwe amapezeka, kuchitidwa opaleshoni kungakhale kofunikira.

Kufufuza mwakuthupi. Kuwunika kwa mpweya, mpweya, mapapo ndi zizindikiro zomwe wodwalayo amaziwona zimachitidwa pofuna kuyesa matenda.

Kuyesa kuyerekezera kwachipatala. Radiology ya m'mapapo, chifuwa cha CT, MRI kapena lung scintigraphy zitha kuchitidwa kuti zitsimikizire matenda.

Kusanthula kwachipatala. Kuti adziwe matenda ena, kuyezetsa magazi kapena kusanthula katulutsidwe ka m'mapapo, monga cytobacteriological sputum (ECBC) kungachitike.

Kupezeka kwa chifuwa chachikulu. Chifuwa chachikulu ndi matenda omwe amadziwika kuyambira Antiquity ndipo adafotokozedwa momveka bwino ndi Hippocrates. Komabe, tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa sitinadziwike mpaka 1882 ndi dokotala wa ku Germany Robert Koch. Iye anafotokoza bakiteriya, ndipo makamaka tubercle bacillus, wotchedwa Koch's bacillus kapena Mycobacterium chifuwa chachikulu (5).