Mandible (kuchokera ku Latin mandibula, nsagwada) ndi gawo la mafupa a nkhope ndipo amapanga fupa la nsagwada zapansi.

kapangidwe. Mandible ndi fupa lachilendo lomwe limalumikizana ndi chigaza kupanga nsagwada zapansi. Fupa lalikulu kwambiri komanso lolimba kwambiri kumaso, mandible amapangidwa ndi magawo awiri (1) (2):

• Thupi. Mbali yopingasa yooneka ngati nsapato ya kavalo, thupi limapanga chibwano. M'mphepete kumtunda kwa thupi, mandible amabowoledwa ndi mabowo pomwe mano apansi amalowetsedwa.
• The mandibular rami. Mandible ali ndi nthambi ziwiri mbali zonse za thupi. Mandibular rami awa amalumikizana ndi mbali zozungulira za chigaza. Mbali pakati pa ramus iliyonse ndi thupi la mandible imapanga ngodya ya mandibular. Pamwamba pa mandibular ramus amapangidwa ndi mandibular notch yomwe ili m'malire:

  - ndondomeko ya coronoid ya mandible, yomwe ili kutsogolo kwa nkhope, ndikugwira ntchito ngati chomangirira ku minofu yanthawi yochepa, yotsirizirayi imakhala ndi udindo wokweza mandible panthawi yakutafuna.

  - mandibular condyle, yomwe ili chakumapeto kwa nkhope, ndipo imayankhula ndi fupa la nthawi kuti lipange mgwirizano wa temporomandibular, womwe umakhudzidwa ndi kayendetsedwe ka mandible.

Kusakhazikika komanso kupatsa mphamvu. Mandible ali ndi foramina yosiyana yomwe ndi ma orifices omwe amalola kupita kwa mitsempha kapena zotengera. Pa mlingo wa rami, mandibular foramina amalola kuti mitsempha ipite pamene ili pamtunda wa thupi, ubongo wamaganizo umalola kuti mitsempha ndi mitsempha ya mitsempha ipite ku chibwano ndi mlomo wapansi.

Kupyolera mu mgwirizano wa temporomandibular, mandible imagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

• Kutsitsa / kukweza. Zimapanga kutsegula ndi kutseka kwa mkamwa.
• Kuthamangitsa / kubwerera kumbuyo. Kuthamanga kumafanana ndi kutsetsereka kutsika ndi kutsogolo kwa mandible. Kubwereranso kumafanana ndi kayendetsedwe kake.
• Kuchotsera. Zimafanana ndi mayendedwe ozungulira a mandible.

Udindo mu chakudya. Mandible amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakutafuna chakudya.

Udindo m'kulankhula. Mandible ali ndi gawo lalikulu pakulankhulidwa popeza amalola pakamwa kutsegula.

Kuphulika kwa Mandible. Kukakhudza mwachindunji, mandible akhoza kusweka. Nthawi zambiri zosweka ndi za mandibular condyle. Zizindikiro zimaphatikizapo kupweteka kwakuthwa komanso kusayenda bwino kwa mandible (3).

Temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome. Zizindikirozi ndi monga kupweteka pakutsegula pakamwa, phokoso lolumikizana limodzi monga kudina, kusayenda bwino kwa nsagwada kapena ngakhale tinnitus (4).

Chithandizo chamankhwala. Kutengera ndi matenda, mankhwala osiyanasiyana amaperekedwa monga opha ululu, anti-inflammatories kapena maantibayotiki.

Chithandizo cha opaleshoni. Pakathyoka, kuchitapo opaleshoni kungathe kuchitidwa monga, mwachitsanzo, kuika zomangira ndi mbale.

Chithandizo cha mafupa. Kutengera ndi ma pathology, kuyika kwa chipangizo cha mafupa kumatha kuchitika.

Kuyesedwa kwakuthupi. Choyamba, kuyezetsa kuchipatala kumachitika kuti muwone ndikuwunika zomwe wodwala akuwona.

Kuyeza kujambula kwachipatala. CT scan, MRI, kapena orthopantomogram angagwiritsidwe ntchito kutsimikizira matenda mu mandible.

Mu 2013, chidutswa cha mandible chinapezeka m'chigawo cha Afar ku Ethiopia. Kuyambira zaka 2,8 biliyoni zapitazo, akukhulupirira kuti ndiye chidutswa chakale kwambiri chamtundu wake Homo zapezeka mpaka pano (5).