Mkodzo, makutu, mphuno, cranial… Nyama kapena foramu ndi fupa lomwe lili mu fupa kapena chiwalo.

Meatus ndi fupa (kapena "bowo") lomwe limawonedwa mu fupa kapena chiwalo. Amatchedwanso "foramen" (zochuluka "foramina"). Mabowowa ali ndi ntchito yololeza kupita kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana (zamadzimadzi, zinthu, mitsempha, zotengera, ngalande, zibowo, ma sinuses, ndi zina).

Mawuwa nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito ku ureter (njira yotumizira mkodzo kuchokera ku impso kupita kuchikhodzodzo) kapena ku mkodzo wa mkodzo (njira yotulutsira chikhodzodzo). Timayankhula pachifukwa ichi kwamikodzo zomwe zimakhala ndi nyama yamkodzo ndi mkodzo.

Koma palinso madera ena ambiri a nyama m'thupi, m'mafupa (makamaka chigaza), ngalande ya khutu kapena mphuno.

Pali mabowo 11 m'munsi mwa chigaza, ntchito yawo nthawi zambiri imalola kuti mitsempha kapena zotengera zidutse:

• mabowo a tsamba lotayidwa la ethmoid : Lamina yodzaza ndi ethmoid ndi lamina yopingasa, yomwe ili pamwamba pa mphuno. Mabowo ake amawoloka ndi ulusi wa kununkhiza misempha kuchokera m'mphuno;
• Optic canal: ili mkati mwa njira zapakatikati za clinoid. Lili ndi mitsempha ya optic ndi ophthalmic artery, nthambi yamkati ya carotid artery. Optic canal sikuwoneka kutsogolo kwa chigaza. Zochitika zenizeni za radiological ndizofunikira kuti ziwunikire;
• ophthalmic orbital fissure : iye ku pakati pa phiko lalikulu ndi phiko laling'ono la sphenoid. Amadutsa mitsempha yonse ya oculomotor: mitsempha ya oculomotor, mitsempha ya trochlear, mitsempha ya abducens ndi mitsempha ya ophthalmic (nthambi yoyamba yowonongeka ya mitsempha ya trigeminal). The ophthalmic orbital fissure ilinso ndi mitsempha ya ophthalmic;
• ndi foramen mozungulira : ili m'mapiko akuluakulu a sphenoid, amawoloka ndi mitsempha ya trigeminal (V2);
• ndi foramen ovale : ili kuseri kwa forameni yozungulira. Amawoloka ndi mitsempha ya mandibular (nthambi yachitatu yowonongeka ya mitsempha ya trigeminal ndi nthambi yake yamagalimoto);
• mphuno yaminga : ili mu phiko lalikulu la sphenoid. Lili ndi mtsempha wapakati wa meningeal;
• kung'ambika chakumaso kapena carotid foramen : ili pakati pa thanthwe ndi sphenoid. Amadutsa mtsempha wamkati wa carotid womwe umapereka ubongo;
• nyama yamayimbidwe(kapena ngalande yomveka yamkati): ili pamtunda wapamwamba kwambiri wa thanthwe. Imawoloka ndi mtolo wa stato-acoustico-nkhope wopangidwa ndi mitsempha ya nkhope, mitsempha yapakatikati ya Wrisberget ya mitsempha yomveka;
• dzenje long'ambika lakumbuyo : ili pakati pa thanthwe ndi sphenoid. Amadutsa mtsempha wamkati wa carotid;
• ndi foramen hypoglosse : imalola mitsempha ya hypoglossal kutuluka mu bokosi la cranial;
• the forameni magnum: ndi forameni yaikulu kwambiri pa chigaza. Ndilo malo osinthira pakati pa medulla oblongata ndi msana. Imadutsa m'mitsempha ya vertebral komanso muzu wa medullary wa mitsempha ya msana.

Impso (omwe ntchito yake ndi kusefa ndi kuyeretsa magazi kuti asanduke mkodzo) amalumikizidwa ku chikhodzodzo ndi ma ducts awiri: ureters. Chifukwa chake, mkodzo umachoka mu impso ndikudutsa mumkodzo. Chikhodzodzo chimalumikizidwa ndi njira ya mkodzo (kapena urethral meatus) ndi njira ya mkodzo.

Mtsempha wamphongo ndi wautali, umachokera ku chikhodzodzo kupita ku nyama yodutsa mbolo. Mkodzo waukazi ndi waufupi, umayamba kuchokera kuchikhodzodzo ndipo mofulumira kwambiri umathera mu maliseche kudzera mu urethral meatus.

Pamlingo wa mphuno zam'mphuno, nyama iliyonse imafanana ndi imodzi mwa ma turbinates ndipo imakhala ndi malo pakati pa nkhope ya mphuno ya mphuno ndi turbinate. Mitsempha ya mpweya yomwe ili pafupi ndi minyewa ya m'mphuno imalankhulana ndi yotsirizirayo kudzera munyama.

• nyama yamphuno yapamwamba imapachika pakati pa turbinate. Mu nyama iyi tsegulani ma cell a posterior ethmoidal ndi ma sphenoid sinuses;
• nyama yam'mphuno yapakati ili pansi pa turbinate yapakati. Mu meatus izi kutsegula maxillary nkusani, kutsogolo nkusani ndi anterior ethmoidal maselo;
• nyama ya m'mphuno yapansi ili pansi pa turbinate yapansi. Mu meatus amatsegula lacrymo-nasal ngalande;
• nyama yapamwamba (Santorini ndi Zuckerkandl nyama) ndi zosasinthika. Aliyense wa iwo akuwonetsa orifice wa cell ethmoidal.

• Le External acoustic meatus, yomwe imatchedwanso ngalande ya khutu kapena ngalande yakunja, ndi gawo la khutu lakunja, lomwe lili pakati pa pinna ndi khutu.
• Le Internal acoustic meatus imatsegula pankhope ya positiro-yapamwamba ya thanthwe kudzera mu pore yamkati yamayimbidwe. Ndi 10mm kutalika ndi 5mm m'lifupi.