“Sindikuwona chowiringula cha nyama zodya nyama. Ndimakhulupirira kuti kudya nyama kuli ngati kuwononga dziko.” - Heather Small, woyimba wamkulu wa M People.
Chifukwa chakuti nyama zambiri zaulimi ku Ulaya ndi ku United States zimasungidwa m’khola, manyowa ndi zinyalala zambiri zimaunjikana, zomwe palibe amene akudziwa kumene angaziike. Pali manyowa ochuluka oti kuthira manyowa m’minda ndi zinthu zapoizoni zambiri zoti zitayidwe m’mitsinje. Manyowa awa amatchedwa "slurry" (mawu omveka okoma omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza ndowe zamadzimadzi) ndikutaya "matope" awa m'mayiwe otchedwa (kukhulupirira kapena osakhulupirira) "nyanja".
Ku Germany ndi Holland kokha pafupifupi matani atatu a "slurry" amagwera pa nyama imodzi, amene, mwachisawawa, ndi matani 200 miliyoni! Ndi kupyolera muzinthu zingapo zovuta za mankhwala kuti asidi amasanduka nthunzi kuchokera ku slurry ndikusanduka mvula ya acidic. M'madera ena a ku Ulaya, slurry ndiyo yokhayo yomwe imayambitsa mvula ya asidi, yomwe imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe - kuwononga mitengo, kupha zamoyo zonse m'mitsinje ndi nyanja, kuwononga nthaka.
Ambiri a German Black Forest tsopano akufa, ku Sweden mitsinje ina ilibe zamoyo, ku Holland 90 peresenti ya mitengo yonse yafa ndi mvula ya asidi yochititsidwa ndi madambwe okhala ndi ndowe za nkhumba. Ngati tiyang'ana kupyola ku Ulaya, tikuwona kuti kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha zinyama zaulimi nzokulirapo.
Vuto limodzi lalikulu kwambiri ndikudula nkhalango kuti mupange msipu. Nkhalango zakutchire zimasandutsidwa msipu wa ziweto, zomwe nyama yake imagulitsidwa ku Ulaya ndi United States kupanga ma hamburgers ndi chops. Zimapezeka kulikonse komwe kuli nkhalango yamvula, koma makamaka ku Central ndi South America. Sindikunena za mtengo umodzi kapena itatu, koma minda yonse yayikulu ya Belgium yomwe imadulidwa chaka chilichonse.
Kuyambira m’chaka cha 1950, theka la nkhalango za m’madera otentha padziko lonse lawonongedwa. Iyi ndiyo ndondomeko yachifupi kwambiri yomwe ingaganizidwe, chifukwa nthaka ya m'nkhalango yamvula imakhala yochepa kwambiri komanso yosowa ndipo imayenera kutetezedwa pansi pa mitengo. Monga msipu, imatha kugwira ntchito kwakanthawi kochepa. Ngati ng'ombe zikudya m'munda wotero kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena zisanu ndi ziwiri, ndiye kuti ngakhale udzu sungathe kumera pamtunda uwu, ndipo umasanduka fumbi.
Kodi ubwino wa nkhalango zimenezi ndi chiyani, mungafunse? Theka la nyama ndi zomera zonse padziko lapansili zimakhala m’nkhalango zotentha. Iwo asunga bwino chilengedwe cha chilengedwe, kuyamwa madzi mvula ndi ntchito, monga fetereza, aliyense wagwa tsamba kapena nthambi. Mitengo imatenga mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide m’mlengalenga ndi kutulutsa mpweya wa okosijeni, umene umakhala ngati mapapo a dziko lapansi. Mitundu yochititsa chidwi ya nyama zakutchire imapereka pafupifupi XNUMX peresenti yamankhwala onse. Ndizopenga kuchitira chimodzi mwazinthu zamtengo wapatali mwanjira iyi, koma anthu ena, eni malo, amapeza chuma chambiri kuchokera pamenepo.
Mitengo ndi nyama zimene amagulitsa zimapanga phindu lalikulu, ndipo pamene malowo asanduka bwinja, amangoyendayenda, kugwetsa mitengo yambiri, ndi kukhala olemera kwambiri. Mafuko okhala m’nkhalangozi amakakamizika kusiya malo awo, ndipo nthaŵi zina amaphedwa kumene. Anthu ambiri amakhala m’zisakasa popanda zopezera zofunika pamoyo. Nkhalango zamvula zimawonongedwa ndi njira yotchedwa kudula ndi kuwotcha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mitengo yabwino kwambiri imadulidwa ndi kugulitsidwa, ndipo yotsalayo imatenthedwa, ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa kuti dziko litenthe.
Dzuwa likatenthetsa dziko lapansi, kutentha kwinako sikufika padziko lapansi, koma kumasungidwa mumlengalenga. (Mwachitsanzo, timavala malaya m’nyengo yozizira kuti matupi athu akhale ofunda.) Popanda kutentha kumeneku, dziko lathu lapansi likanakhala malo ozizira ndi opanda zamoyo. Koma kutentha kwakukulu kumabweretsa zotsatira zoopsa. Kumeneku n’kutentha kwa dziko, ndipo zimachitika chifukwa chakuti mipweya ina yopangidwa ndi anthu imakwera mumlengalenga n’kutsekereza kutentha kwambiri. Mmodzi mwa mpweya umenewu ndi carbon dioxide (CO2), imodzi mwa njira zopangira mpweya umenewu ndi kuwotcha nkhuni.
Podula ndi kutentha nkhalango za ku South America, anthu amayatsa moto waukulu kwambiri moti n’zovuta kuulingalira. Pamene akatswiri a zakuthambo anayamba kupita mumlengalenga ndikuyang'ana pa Dziko Lapansi, ndi diso lamaliseche iwo amatha kuona chilengedwe chimodzi chokha cha manja a anthu - Khoma Lalikulu la China. Koma kale m’zaka za m’ma 1980, ankatha kuona chinthu china cholengedwa ndi munthu – mitambo ikuluikulu ya utsi yochokera m’nkhalango ya Amazon. Pamene nkhalango zimadulidwa kuti zipange msipu, mpweya woipa wonse umene mitengo ndi tchire zakhala zikuwamwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri umakwera n’kumachititsa kutentha kwa dziko.
Malinga ndi malipoti a boma padziko lonse lapansi, njirayi yokha (ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu) imathandizira kutenthetsa kwanyengo padziko lapansi. Nkhalango ikadulidwa n’kudyetsedwa ng’ombe, vutoli limakula kwambiri chifukwa chakuti ng’ombezo zimagaya chakudya: ng’ombezo zimatulutsa mpweya ndi kuphulika kwambiri. Methane, mpweya umene amautulutsa, umagwira ntchito kuwirikiza ka makumi awiri ndi kasanu potsekera kutentha kuposa mpweya woipa. Ngati mukuganiza kuti ili si vuto, tiyeni tiwerengere - Ng'ombe zokwana 1.3 biliyoni padziko lapansi ndipo iliyonse imatulutsa malita 60 a methane tsiku lililonse, pamlingo wokwana matani 100 miliyoni a methane chaka chilichonse. Ngakhale feteleza wopopera pansi amathandizira kutenthetsa kwa dziko lapansi mwa kupanga nitrous oxide, mpweya umene umagwira bwino ntchito kuŵirikiza nthaŵi 270 (kuposa carbon dioxide) potsekereza kutentha.
Palibe amene akudziwa kuti kutentha kwa dziko kungayambitse chiyani. Koma chimene tikudziwa motsimikiza n’chakuti kutentha kwa dziko lapansi kukukwera pang’onopang’ono ndipo motero madzi oundana a m’mphepete mwa nyanja ayamba kusungunuka. Ku Antarctica pazaka 50 zapitazi, kutentha kwakwera ndi madigiri 2.5 ndipo 800 lalikulu kilomita ya ayezi shelufu wasungunuka. M'masiku makumi asanu okha mu 1995, makilomita 1300 a ayezi adasowa. Pamene madzi oundana asungunuka ndipo nyanja zapadziko lapansi zimatenthedwa, amakula m’dera lake ndipo madzi a m’nyanja amakwera. Pali maulosi ambiri okhudza kuchuluka kwa madzi a m’nyanja, kuchokera pa mita imodzi kufika pa XNUMX, koma asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kukwera kwa madzi a m’nyanja n’kosapeweka. Ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti zilumba zambiri monga Seychelles kapena Maldives zidzangowonongeka ndipo madera otsika kwambiri komanso mizinda yonse monga Bangkok idzasefukira.
Ngakhale madera akuluakulu a Egypt ndi Bangladesh adzasowa pansi pa madzi. Britain ndi Ireland sizidzathawa tsokali, malinga ndi kafukufuku wochokera ku yunivesite ya Ulster. Mizinda 25 ili pachiwopsezo cha kusefukira kwamadzi kuphatikiza Dublin, Aberdeen ndi magombe a Issex, North Kent ndi madera akulu a Lincolnshire. Ngakhale London samaonedwa ngati malo otetezeka kwathunthu. Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri adzakakamizika kusiya nyumba zawo ndi minda yawo - koma kodi adzakhala kuti? Pali kale kusowa kwa malo.
Mwina funso lovuta kwambiri ndiloti zidzachitike pamitengo? Kumene kuli madera akuluakulu a malo oundana kum'mwera ndi kumpoto, omwe amatchedwa Tundra. Mayiko amenewa ndi vuto lalikulu. Dothi loziziralo lili ndi matani mamiliyoni ambiri a methane, ndipo ngati tundra yatenthedwa, mpweya wa methane umakwera mumlengalenga. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'mlengalenga, kutentha kwamphamvu kwa dziko kudzakhala kotentha komanso kutentha kudzakhala mu tundra, ndi zina zotero. Izi zimatchedwa "positive feedback" njira yotere ikangoyamba, siingathenso kuyimitsidwa.
Palibe amene anganenebe kuti zotsatira za njirayi zidzakhala zotani, koma ndithudi zidzakhala zowononga. Tsoka ilo, izi sizingathetse nyama ngati wowononga padziko lonse lapansi. Khulupirirani kapena ayi, chipululu cha Sahara nthawi ina chinali chobiriwira komanso chikuphuka ndipo Aroma ankalima tirigu kumeneko. Tsopano zonse zasowa, ndipo chipululu chikufalikira, kufalikira zaka 20 kwa makilomita 320 m'malo ena. Chifukwa chachikulu cha vutoli ndi kudyetsedwa kwa mbuzi, nkhosa, ngamila ndi ng’ombe.
Pamene chipululu chikutenga malo atsopano, ziweto zimayendanso, kuwononga chilichonse chomwe chili panjira yawo. Ichi ndi bwalo loyipa. Ng'ombe zidzadya zomera, nthaka idzachepa, nyengo idzasintha ndipo mvula idzasowa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti dziko likasanduka chipululu, lidzakhalabe choncho mpaka kalekale. Malinga ndi kunena kwa United Nations, lero, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a dziko lapansi latsala pang’ono kukhala chipululu chifukwa cha nkhanza za malo odyetserako ziweto.
Uwu ndi mtengo wokwera kwambiri kuti ungalipire chakudya chomwe sitikusowa. Tsoka ilo, opanga nyama sayenera kulipira ndalama zoyeretsera chilengedwe kuchokera ku kuipitsa kumene amayambitsa: palibe amene amaimba mlandu opanga nkhumba chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mvula ya asidi kapena oweta ng'ombe chifukwa cha badlands. Komabe, Center for Science and Ecology ku New Delhi, India, yasanthula mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu ndikuzipatsa mtengo weniweni womwe umaphatikizansopo ndalama zomwe sizinalengedwe. Malinga ndi kuwerengera uku, hamburger imodzi iyenera kuwononga £40.
Anthu ambiri sadziwa pang’ono za chakudya chimene amadya komanso kuwononga chilengedwe kumene chakudyachi chimayambitsa. Pano pali njira yeniyeni ya moyo ya ku America: moyo uli ngati unyolo, chiyanjano chilichonse chimapangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana - nyama, mitengo, mitsinje, nyanja, tizilombo, ndi zina zotero. Tikathyola chimodzi mwa maulalo, timafooketsa unyolo wonse. Izi n’zimene tikuchita panopa. Kubwerera ku chaka chathu chachisinthiko, ndi wotchi ili m'manja kuwerengera mphindi yomaliza mpaka pakati pausiku, zambiri zimadalira masekondi otsiriza. Malinga ndi kunena kwa asayansi ambiri, mlingo wa nthaŵi ndi wofanana ndi gwero la moyo la mbadwo wathu ndipo udzakhala chinthu chakupha chosankha ngati dziko lathu lidzakhalapo kapena ayi pamene tikukhalamo.
N’zochititsa mantha, koma tonsefe tikhoza kuchitapo kanthu kuti timupulumutse.