Zamkatimu
Kodi anthu onse angakhale ndi maganizo ofanana? Inde ndi ayi. Pophunzira zinenero za anthu a dziko lapansi, asayansi apeza kusiyana pakati pa mayina a maganizo ndi zomwe timamva ndi mayinawa. Zikuoneka kuti ngakhale zochitika zapadziko lonse zaumunthu m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zimatha kukhala ndi mithunzi yawo.
Zolankhula zathu zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kuganiza. Ngakhale katswiri wa zamaganizo wa Soviet Lev Vygotsky ananena kuti njira zapamwamba kwambiri zoyankhulirana zamaganizo zomwe zimapezeka mwa munthu zimatheka chifukwa chakuti ife, anthu, mothandizidwa ndi kuganiza timawonetsa zenizeni.
Kukula m'malo ena azilankhulo, timaganiza m'chilankhulo chathu, kusankha mayina azinthu, zochitika ndi malingaliro kuchokera mtanthauzira mawu, timaphunzira tanthauzo la mawu kuchokera kwa makolo ndi "anthu a m'dziko lathu" malinga ndi chikhalidwe chathu. Ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale tonse ndife anthu, titha kukhala ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, za malingaliro.
"Ngakhale mumamutcha duwa, osati ..."
Kodi ife, monga anthu a zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, timalingalira motani za malingaliro oyambirira: mantha, mkwiyo, kapena, kunena, chisoni? Zosiyana kwambiri, akutero Dr. Joseph Watts, wochita kafukufuku ku yunivesite ya Otago komanso wochita nawo ntchito yapadziko lonse yophunzira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamalingaliro amalingaliro. Gulu lofufuza za ntchitoyi likuphatikizapo akatswiri a maganizo ochokera ku yunivesite ya North Carolina (USA) ndi akatswiri a zinenero ochokera ku Max Planck Institute for Natural Science (Germany).
Asayansi adasanthula mawu ochokera m'zilankhulo 2474 za mabanja akuluakulu 20. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowerengera, adazindikira njira za "coxification," chodabwitsa chomwe zilankhulo zimagwiritsa ntchito mawu omwewo kufotokoza malingaliro okhudzana ndi semantically. M’mawu ena, asayansi anali ndi chidwi ndi mawu otanthauza mfundo zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, m’Chiperisiya, liwu limodzimodzilo lakuti “ænduh” limagwiritsiridwa ntchito kusonyeza chisoni ndi chisoni.
Chisoni chimachitika ndi chiyani?
Popanga maukonde akulu a colexification, asayansi atha kugwirizanitsa malingaliro ndi mawu awo otchulira m'zilankhulo zambiri zapadziko lapansi ndipo apeza kusiyana kwakukulu momwe malingaliro amawonekera m'zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, m’zinenero za Nakh-Dagestan, mawu akuti “chisoni” amayendera limodzi ndi mawu akuti “mantha” ndi “nkhawa”. Ndipo m'zilankhulo za Tai-Kadai zomwe zimalankhulidwa kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, lingaliro la "chisoni" liri pafupi "kunong'oneza bondo." Izi zikuyika kukayikira malingaliro wamba okhudza chilengedwe chonse cha semantics yamalingaliro.
Komabe, kusintha kwa semantics ya zomverera kumakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake. Zinapezeka kuti mabanja azilankhulo omwe ali moyandikana kwambiri amakhala ndi "mawonedwe" ofanana pamalingaliro kuposa omwe ali kutali kwambiri. Mwina chifukwa chake n'chakuti chiyambi chofanana ndi kuyanjana kwa mbiri yakale pakati pa maguluwa kunapangitsa kuti amvetsetse momwe akumvera.
Ofufuzawo adapezanso kuti kwa anthu onse pali zinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zimatha kuchokera kuzinthu zodziwika bwino zamoyo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti momwe anthu amaganizira za malingaliro amapangidwa osati ndi chikhalidwe komanso chisinthiko, komanso ndi biology.
Kukula kwa pulojekitiyi, mayankho atsopano aukadaulo ndi njira zake zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kuyang'ana mozama mwayi womwe ukutsegulidwa munjira yasayansi iyi. Watts ndi gulu lake akukonzekera kuti afufuzenso kusiyana kwa zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana pakutanthauzira ndi kutchula mayina amalingaliro.
zomverera zosatchulidwa
Kusiyana kwa zilankhulo ndi zikhalidwe nthawi zina kumapita mpaka mu dikishonale ya interlocutor yathu pangakhale mawu oti kumverera komwe sitinazolowere kudzipatula ngati chinthu chosiyana.
Mwachitsanzo, mu Swedish, mawu akuti "resfeber" amatanthauza zonse nkhawa komanso chiyembekezo chosangalatsa chomwe timakhala nacho tisanapite paulendo. Ndipo anthu a ku Scotland apereka liwu lapadera lakuti “tartle” kaamba ka mantha omwe timakhala nawo pamene, podziŵitsa munthu kwa ena, sitingathe kukumbukira dzina lake. Kumverera kodziwika bwino, sichoncho?
Kuti tipeze manyazi omwe timamva kwa wina, a British, ndipo pambuyo pawo, tinayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "Spanish manyazi" (Chilankhulo cha Chisipanishi chili ndi mawu ake enieni a manyazi - "vergüenza ajena"). Mwa njira, mu Finnish palinso dzina lachidziwitso choterocho - "myötähäpeä".
Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku n’kofunika osati kwa asayansi okha. Kuntchito kapena paulendo, ambiri a ife timafunikira kulankhula ndi oimira a zikhalidwe zina amene amalankhula zinenero zosiyanasiyana. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwa malingaliro, miyambo, malamulo amakhalidwe, komanso malingaliro amalingaliro amalingaliro kungakhale kothandiza ndipo, nthawi zina, kutsimikiza.