Mliri ndi zoonosis yoyambitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya Yersinia pestis, yomwe nthawi zambiri imafalitsidwa kuchokera ku makoswe kupita kwa anthu ndi utitiri, komanso pakati pa anthu ndi njira yopuma. Popanda chithandizo choyenera komanso chachangu cha maantibayotiki, njira yake imapha 30% mpaka 60% ya milandu (1).

N’zovuta kulingalira kuti “imfa yakuda” imene inawononga Ulaya m’zaka za m’ma 1920 idakalipobe m’madera ena a dziko lapansi! Ku France, mliri womaliza wa mliri unalembedwa mu 1945 ku Paris ndi 50 ku Corsica. Koma padziko lonse lapansi, milandu yopitilira 000 yanenedwa ku WHO m'maiko 26 kuyambira koyambirira kwa 2s (XNUMX).

M'zaka zaposachedwa, miliri ingapo idalembedwa ndi World Health Organisation, ku Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, China, Peru ndi Madagascar. Yotsirizira ndiye dziko lalikulu lomwe lili ndi mliri, anthu khumi ndi awiri adaphedwa ndi mliri mu 2014/2015 (3).

Mliri umakhala wamitundu ingapo (septicaemic, hemorrhagic, m'mimba, ndi zina zambiri, komanso mitundu yocheperako), koma ziwiri ndizofala kwambiri mwa anthu:

Mliri wofala kwambiri wa bubonic. Zimalengezedwa ndi kuyambika kwadzidzidzi kwa kutentha thupi, kupweteka kwa mutu, kuukira kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe ndi kusokonezeka kwa chidziwitso. Amadziwika ndi kutupa kwa ma lymph nodes, nthawi zambiri m'khosi, m'khwapa ndi groin (buboes).

Mliri wa pulmonary, wakupha kwambiri. A mucopurulent chifuwa ndi magazi ndi kupweteka pachifuwa anawonjezera ambiri zizindikiro za bubonic mliri.

Wothandizira mliri ndi bacillus ya gram-negative, Yersinia pestis. Yersinia ndi mtundu wa mabakiteriya a m'banja la Enterobacteriaceae, lomwe limaphatikizapo mitundu khumi ndi isanu ndi iwiri, itatu mwa iwo omwe ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kwa anthu: tizilombo, enterocolitis et pseudotuberculosis. Makoswe ndi amene amateteza matendawa, koma osati okhawo.

Mliri umagwira nyama zing'onozing'ono ndi utitiri umene umaziwononga. Amapatsirana kuchokera ku nyama kupita kwa anthu mwa kulumidwa ndi utitiri, mwa kukhudza mwachindunji, pokoka mpweya ndi kumeza zinthu zopatsirana.

• Anthu olumidwa ndi utitiri womwe uli ndi kachilombo nthawi zambiri amapanga mawonekedwe a bubonic.
• Ngati bacillus Yersinia pestis ikafika m'mapapo, munthuyo amayamba mliri wa m'mapapo womwe umatha kufalikira kwa anthu ena kudzera munjira yopuma panthawi yakutsokomola.

M'madera omwe afala, pewani kulumidwa ndi utitiri ndipo pewani makoswe ndi mitembo ya nyama.

Ngati atapezeka pa nthawi yake, mliri wa bubonic ukhoza kuchiritsidwa ndi maantibayotiki: streptomycin, chloramphenicol ndi tetracyclines ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo omwe akulimbikitsidwa ndi Institut Pasteur.

Chemoprophylaxis (yomwe imatchedwanso "chemoprevention"), yomwe imakhala ndi kuperekera tetracyclines kapena sulfonamides, pakakhala mliri, imathandizira kuteteza malo omwe akhudzidwa, akufotokozanso Institut Pasteur.

Makatemera angapo apangidwa kale, koma tsopano akusungidwa kwa anthu ogwira ntchito m'ma laboratories, chifukwa atsimikizira kukhala osagwira ntchito poletsa miliri.