Pythagoras nthawi yomweyo chithunzi chenicheni ndi nthano zachitukuko chachi Greek chakale. Ngakhale dzina lake lenilenilo ndi nkhani yongopeka ndi kutanthauzira. Mtundu woyamba wa kutanthauzira kwa dzina la Pythagoras "adanenedweratu ndi Pythia", ndiko kuti, wolosera. Njira ina, yopikisana: "kukakamiza ndi mawu", chifukwa Pythagoras sanangodziwa kutsimikizira, koma anali wolimba komanso wotsutsa m'mawu ake, monga Delphic oracle.
Wanzeruyo anachokera ku chilumba cha Samo, kumene anakhalako mbali yaikulu ya moyo wake. Poyamba, Pythagoras amayenda kwambiri. Ku Igupto, chifukwa cha chithandizo cha Farao Amasis, Pythagoras anakumana ndi ansembe a Memphis. Chifukwa cha matalente ake, amatsegula malo opatulika - akachisi a Aigupto. Pythagoras amaikidwa kukhala wansembe ndipo amakhala membala wa gulu la ansembe. Kenaka, panthawi ya nkhondo ya Perisiya, Pythagoras anagwidwa ndi Aperisi.
Zili ngati kuti tsoka lenilenilo limamutsogolera, kusintha mkhalidwe wina kukhala wina, pamene nkhondo, mikuntho ya anthu, nsembe zamagazi ndi zochitika zofulumira zimangokhala ngati maziko kwa iye ndipo sizimakhudza, m’malo mwake, zimakulitsa chikhumbo chake cha kuphunzira. Ku Babulo, Pythagoras anakumana ndi amatsenga a Perisiya, amene, malinga ndi nthano, anaphunzira kukhulupirira nyenyezi ndi matsenga.
Atakula, Pythagoras, pokhala wotsutsa wandale wa Polycrates wa ku Samos, anasamukira ku Italy ndipo anakakhala mumzinda wa Crotone, kumene mphamvu kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 6. BC ndi. anali a olemekezeka. Ndi pano, ku Crotone, kuti wafilosofi amapanga mgwirizano wake wotchuka wa Pythagorean. Malinga ndi Dicaearchus, zinatsatira kuti Pythagoras anamwalira ku Metapontus.
Pythagoras anamwalira pothaŵira ku Metapontine Temple of the Muses, kumene anakhala masiku XNUMX osadya chakudya.
Malinga ndi nthano, Pythagoras anali mwana wa mulungu Hermes. Nthano ina imanena kuti tsiku lina mtsinje wa Kas, atamuwona, unapereka moni wafilosofi ndi mawu aumunthu. Pythagoras anaphatikiza mbali za munthu wanzeru, wodabwitsa, wa masamu ndi mneneri, wofufuza mozama malamulo a manambala a dziko lapansi komanso wokonzanso zachipembedzo. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, omutsatira ake ankamlemekeza monga wochita zozizwitsa.
Komabe, wanthanthiyo anali ndi kudzichepetsa kokwanira, monga momwe kwasonyezedwera ndi ena a malangizo ake: “Chita zazikulu osalonjeza zazikulu; “Khala chete kapena nena chinthu chabwino kuposa kukhala chete”; “Usadziyese munthu wamkulu ndi ukulu wa mthunzi wako polowa dzuwa.
Kotero, ndi mbali ziti za ntchito yafilosofi ya Pythagoras?
Pythagoras manambala absoluted ndi mystified. Manambala anakwezedwa pa mlingo wa chenicheni cha zinthu zonse ndipo anachita monga mfundo yaikulu ya dziko. Chithunzi cha dziko lapansi chinawonetsedwa ndi Pythagoras mothandizidwa ndi masamu, ndipo "chinsinsi cha manambala" chodziwika bwino chinakhala pachimake pa ntchito yake.
Ziwerengero zina, malinga ndi Pythagoras, zimagwirizana ndi mlengalenga, zina ndi zinthu zapadziko lapansi - chilungamo, chikondi, ukwati. Manambala anayi oyambirira, asanu ndi awiri, khumi, ndi "manambala opatulika" omwe amatsogolera chirichonse chomwe chiri padziko lapansi. A Pythagoreans adagawa manambala kukhala nambala yofananira ndi yosamvetseka komanso yosamvetseka - gawo lomwe adazindikira kuti ndilo maziko a manambala onse.
Pano pali chidule cha malingaliro a Pythagoras pa chiyambi cha kukhala:
* Chilichonse ndi manambala. * Chiyambi cha zonse ndi chimodzi. Wopatulika monad (unit) ndiye mayi wa milungu, mfundo yapadziko lonse lapansi komanso maziko a zochitika zonse zachilengedwe. * "Ziwiri zosawerengeka" zimachokera ku unit. Awiri ndi mfundo ya zotsutsana, negativity m'chilengedwe. * Ziwerengero zina zonse zimachokera ku uwiri wosadziwika - mfundo zimachokera ku manambala - kuchokera ku mfundo - mizere - kuchokera ku mizere - ziwerengero zosalala - kuchokera ku ziwerengero zosalala - ziwerengero zitatu-dimensional - kuchokera ku ziwerengero zitatu-dimensional matupi odziwika bwino amabadwa, momwe maziko anayi - kusuntha ndi kutembenuka kwathunthu, amapanga dziko - lomveka, lozungulira, pakati pa dziko lapansi, dziko lapansi limakhalanso lozungulira komanso lokhalamo mbali zonse.
Cosmology.
* Kuyenda kwa zinthu zakuthambo kumamvera maubwenzi odziwika a masamu, kupanga "mgwirizano wamagulu". * Chilengedwe chimapanga thupi (zitatu), pokhala utatu wa chiyambi ndi mbali zake zotsutsana. * Zinayi - chithunzi cha zinthu zinayi za chilengedwe. * Khumi ndi "zaka khumi zopatulika", maziko a kuwerengera ndi zinsinsi zonse za manambala, ndi chifaniziro cha chilengedwe chonse, chokhala ndi magawo khumi akumwamba okhala ndi zounikira khumi.
Kuzindikira.
* Kudziwa dziko malinga ndi Pythagoras kumatanthauza kudziwa manambala omwe amalamulira. * Pythagoras ankaona kusinkhasinkha koyera (sophia) kukhala chidziwitso chapamwamba kwambiri. * Amaloledwa njira zamatsenga komanso zachinsinsi zodziwira.
Gulu.
* Pythagoras anali wotsutsa kwambiri demokalase, malinga ndi lingaliro lake, ma demokalase amayenera kumvera kwambiri anthu apamwamba. * Pythagoras ankaona kuti chipembedzo ndi makhalidwe abwino ndi zimene zimachititsa kuti anthu azikhala mwadongosolo. * “Kufalikira kwa chipembedzo” m’chilengedwe chonse ndi ntchito yaikulu ya chiŵalo chilichonse chamgwirizano wa Pythagoras.
Makhalidwe.
Malingaliro amakhalidwe mu Pythagoreanism nthawi zina amakhala osamveka. Mwachitsanzo, chilungamo chimatanthauzidwa kuti "chiwerengero chochulukitsa chokha". Komabe, mfundo yaikulu yamakhalidwe abwino ndiyopanda chiwawa (ahimsa), kusapweteka ndi kuzunzika kwa zamoyo zina zonse.
Moyo.
* Mzimu sufa, ndipo matupi ndi manda a mzimu. * Mzimu umadutsa m’chizungulire cha kubadwanso m’matupi a padziko lapansi.
Mulungu.
Milungu ndi zolengedwa zofanana ndi anthu, zimatengera tsogolo, koma zamphamvu kwambiri ndipo zimakhala ndi moyo wautali.
Munthu.
Munthu ali wogonjera kwathunthu kwa milungu.
Pakati pa zabwino zosakayikitsa za Pythagoras pamaso pa filosofi, munthu ayenera kuphatikizapo mfundo yakuti iye ndi mmodzi mwa oyamba kwambiri m'mbiri ya filosofi yakale kulankhula m'chinenero cha sayansi za metempsychosis, kubadwanso kwina, kusinthika kwa miyoyo yauzimu ndi kusamuka kwawo kuchoka ku thupi limodzi. kwa wina. Kulimbikitsa kwake lingaliro la metampsychosis nthawi zina kumatenga mitundu yodabwitsa kwambiri: kamodzi wafilosofiyo adaletsa kukhumudwitsa kagalu kakang'ono chifukwa, m'malingaliro ake, kagalu uyu anali ndi maonekedwe aumunthu mu thupi lake lakale ndipo anali bwenzi la Pythagoras.
Lingaliro la metempsychosis pambuyo pake lidzavomerezedwa ndi wafilosofi Plato ndikupangidwa ndi iye kukhala lingaliro lofunika kwambiri la filosofi, ndipo pamaso pa Pythagoras odziwika ake ndi ovomereza anali Orphics. Monga ochirikiza chipembedzo cha Olympian, a Orphics anali ndi nthano zawozawo "zodabwitsa" zokhudzana ndi komwe dziko lidachokera - mwachitsanzo, lingaliro la kubadwa kwa uXNUMXbuXNUMXbits kubadwa kuchokera ku dzira lalikulu lomwe lili mluza.
Chilengedwe chathu chili ndi mawonekedwe a dzira komanso malinga ndi cosmogony a Puranas (zolemba zakale za Indian, Vedic). Mwachitsanzo, mu “Mahabharata” timaŵerenga kuti: “M’dziko lino, litakutidwa ndi mdima kumbali zonse popanda kuwala ndi kuwala, dzira limodzi lalikulu linawonekera kuchiyambi kwa yuga monga gwero la chilengedwe, mbewu yamuyaya. wa zolengedwa zonse, wotchedwa Mahadivya (Mulungu Wamkulu)”.
Imodzi mwa mphindi zosangalatsa kwambiri mu Orphism, potengera kupangidwa kotsatira kwa filosofi yachi Greek, inali chiphunzitso cha metempsychosis - kusamutsidwa kwa miyoyo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chikhalidwe ichi cha Hellenic chikhale chogwirizana ndi maganizo a Indian pa samsara (kuzungulira kwa kubadwa ndi kubadwa kwa moyo). imfa) ndi lamulo la karma (lamulo la kubadwanso mwatsopano mogwirizana ndi ntchito) .
Ngati moyo wapadziko lapansi wa Homer ndi wabwino kuposa wa pambuyo pa imfa, ndiye kuti Orphics ili ndi zosiyana: moyo ndi kuvutika, moyo m'thupi ndi wochepa. Thupi ndi manda ndi ndende ya mzimu. Cholinga cha moyo ndi kumasulidwa kwa moyo kuchokera ku thupi, kugonjetsa lamulo losasinthika, kuswa unyolo wa kubadwanso kwina ndikufika pa "chilumba cha odala" pambuyo pa imfa.
Mfundo yofunikira imeneyi ya axiological (mtengo) imagogomezera miyambo yoyeretsa yochitidwa ndi Orphics ndi Pythagoras. Pythagoras adatengera kuchokera ku Orphics malamulo amwambo okonzekera "moyo wachisangalalo", atamanga maphunziro m'masukulu ake molingana ndi mtundu wa dongosolo la amonke. Dongosolo la Pythagorean linali ndi maulamuliro ake, miyambo yake yovuta komanso dongosolo lokhazikika loyambira. Olemekezeka a dongosololi anali akatswiri a masamu ("esoterics"). Ponena za acusmatists ("exoterics", kapena novices), gawo lakunja, losavuta la chiphunzitso cha Pythagorean linali kupezeka kwa iwo.
Anthu onse a m’deralo anali ndi moyo wodziletsa, womwe unaphatikizapo zinthu zambiri zoletsa zakudya, makamaka zoletsa kudya nyama. Pythagoras anali wokonda zamasamba kwambiri. Pa chitsanzo cha moyo wake, choyamba tiwona momwe chidziwitso cha filosofi chikuphatikizidwa ndi khalidwe lafilosofi, lomwe likulu lake ndi kudziletsa ndi kudzimana.
Pythagoras anali wodziwika ndi gulu, chuma chauzimu chofunika kwambiri, bwenzi losasintha lanzeru. Ndi kutsutsa kopanda chifundo kwa wafilosofi wakale, munthu sayenera kuiwala kuti anali iye, mlendo wochokera ku chilumba cha Samos, yemwe nthawi ina amatanthauzira filosofi. Pamene wankhanza Leontes wa Phlius anafunsa Pythagoras kuti iye anali ndani, Pythagoras anayankha kuti: "Philosopher". Mawu awa anali osadziwika kwa Leont, ndipo Pythagoras anayenera kufotokoza tanthauzo la neologism.
“Moyo,” iye anatero, “uli ngati maseŵera: ena amabwera kudzapikisana, ena ku malonda, ndi okondwa kwambiri kuwonera; momwemonso m’moyo ena, monga akapolo, amabadwa osirira ulemerero ndi phindu, pamene anthanthi amangofikira chowonadi chokha.
Pomaliza, nditchula ma aphorisms awiri a Pythagoras, kuwonetsa momveka bwino kuti mwa munthu woganiza uyu, lingaliro lachi Greek kwa nthawi yoyamba lidayandikira kumvetsetsa kwanzeru, makamaka ngati khalidwe labwino, ndiko kuti, kuchita: maonekedwe, ndi munthu ndi ntchito zake.” "Yesani zokhumba zanu, yezani malingaliro anu, werengerani mawu anu."
Mawu a ndakatulo:
Sizitenga zambiri kuti ukhale wosadya zamasamba - umangofunika kuchitapo kanthu. Komabe, sitepe yoyamba nthawi zambiri imakhala yovuta kwambiri. Pamene mbuye wotchuka wa Sufi Shibli anafunsidwa chifukwa chimene anasankhira Njira ya kudzitukumula mwauzimu, mbuyeyo anayankha kuti anasonkhezeredwa ku ichi ndi mwana wagalu wosokera amene anawona kusinkhasinkha kwake m’chithaphwi. Timadzifunsa tokha: Kodi nkhani ya mwana wagalu wosokera ndi kusinkhasinkha kwake m’thambi zinakhala bwanji ndi mbali yophiphiritsira pa tsogolo la Sufi? Mwana wagaluyo ankawopa kusinkhasinkha kwake, ndipo ludzu linagonjetsa mantha ake, anatseka maso ake, ndipo analumphira m'madzi, anayamba kumwa. Momwemonso, aliyense wa ife, ngati tiganiza zoyamba kuyenda panjira ya ungwiro, tiyenera, pokhala ndi ludzu, kugwa ku gwero lopatsa moyo, kusiya kusandutsa thupi lathu kukhala sarcophagus (!) - malo a imfa , tsiku lililonse kukwirira nyama osauka ozunzidwa m'mimba mwathu.
—— SERGEY Dvoryanov, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation, Pulezidenti wa East-West Philosophical and Journalistic Club, akuchita moyo wosadya masamba kwa zaka 12 (mwana - zaka 11, wokonda zamasamba. kuyambira kubadwa)