Rudolf Dreykurs

Dreikurs (1947, 1948) amaika zolinga za mwana amene wasiya kudzidalira m’magulu anayi—kukopa chidwi, kufunafuna mphamvu, kubwezera, ndi kulengeza kuti ndi wochepa kapena wogonja. Dreikurs akukamba za nthawi yomweyo osati zolinga za nthawi yaitali. Iwo amaimira mipherezero ya mwana "khalidwe loipa", osati khalidwe la ana onse (Mosak & Mosak, 1975).

Zolinga zinayi zamaganizidwe ndizomwe zimayambitsa kusachita bwino. Akhoza kugawidwa motere: kukopa chidwi, kupeza mphamvu, kubwezera, ndi kuwonetsa kusakhoza. Zolinga izi ndi zachangu ndipo zimagwira ntchito pazomwe zikuchitika. Poyambirira, Dreikurs (1968) adazifotokoza ngati zolinga zopotoka kapena zosakwanira. M'mabuku, zolinga zinayizi zikufotokozedwanso ngati zolinga zosayenera, kapena zolinga zolakwika. Nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa kuti cholinga nambala wani, chigoli chachiwiri, chachitatu ndi chachinayi.

Ana akamaona kuti sanazindikiridwe koyenerera kapena sanapeze malo awo m’banja, ngakhale kuti anachita zinthu mogwirizana ndi malamulo ovomerezedwa ndi anthu ambiri, amayamba kukulitsa njira zina zopezera zolinga zawo. Kaŵirikaŵiri amapatutsa mphamvu zawo zonse m’khalidwe loipa, molakwa kukhulupirira kuti pamapeto pake zidzawathandiza kupeza chivomerezo cha gulu ndi kutenga malo awo oyenera kumeneko. Nthaŵi zambiri ana amalimbikira kukhala ndi zolinga zolakwika ngakhale pamene mipata yogwiritsira ntchito zoyesayesa zawo ili yochuluka. Mkhalidwe woterowo umakhala chifukwa cha kusadzidalira, kupeputsa mphamvu ya munthu kuchita bwino, kapena mikhalidwe yoipa imene sinamulole kudzizindikiritsa yekha m’gawo la ntchito zothandiza anthu.

Kutengera chiphunzitso chakuti makhalidwe onse ali ndi cholinga (ie, ali ndi cholinga chenicheni), Dreikurs (1968) adapanga gulu lathunthu malinga ndi momwe khalidwe lililonse losokoneza mwa ana likhoza kuperekedwa ku gulu limodzi mwa magulu anayi a cholinga. Chiyembekezo cha Dreikurs, chotengera zolinga zinayi za khalidwe loipa, chikuwonetsedwa mu Table 1 ndi 2.

Kwa mlangizi wa banja la Adler, yemwe akuganiza momwe angathandizire wofuna chithandizo kumvetsetsa zolinga za khalidwe lake, njira iyi yopangira zolinga zomwe zimatsogolera ntchito za ana zingakhale zopindulitsa kwambiri. Asanagwiritse ntchito njira imeneyi, mlangiziyo ayenera kudziŵa bwino lomwe mbali zonse za zolinga zinayi za khalidwe loipali. Ayenera kuloweza matebulo omwe ali patsamba lotsatira kuti athe kuyika mwachangu khalidwe lililonse molingana ndi mulingo wake monga momwe tafotokozera mu uphungu.

Dreikurs (1968) ananena kuti khalidwe lililonse likhoza kudziwika ngati "lothandiza" kapena "lopanda ntchito". Khalidwe lopindulitsa limakwaniritsa zikhalidwe za gulu, ziyembekezo, ndi zofuna, ndipo potero zimabweretsa zabwino ku gulu. Pogwiritsa ntchito chithunzi pamwambapa, choyamba cha mlangizi ndikuwona ngati khalidwe la wofuna chithandizo ndilopanda phindu kapena lothandiza. Kenaka, mlangizi ayenera kudziwa ngati khalidwe linalake ndi "lochita" kapena "lopanda pake." Malinga ndi Dreikurs, khalidwe lililonse likhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiriwa.

Pogwira ntchito ndi tchatichi (Table 4.1), alangizi adzawona kuti kuchuluka kwa zovuta za vuto la mwana kumasintha pamene chikhalidwe cha anthu chikuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa, gawo lomwe likuwonetsedwa pamwamba pa tchati. Izi zikhoza kuwonetsedwa ndi kusinthasintha kwa khalidwe la mwanayo muzosiyana pakati pa ntchito zothandiza komanso zopanda pake. Kusintha kwa khalidwe koteroko kumasonyeza kuti mwana ali ndi chidwi chachikulu kapena chocheperapo pothandizira kuti gulu ligwire ntchito kapena kukwaniritsa zomwe gulu likuyembekezera.

Tebulo 1, 2, ndi 3. Zithunzi zosonyeza mmene Dreikurs amaonera khalidwe labwino.1

Atazindikira kuti khalidwe likugwirizana ndi gulu liti (lothandiza kapena losathandiza, lochitapo kanthu kapena longokhala chete), mlangizi atha kupitiriza kukonza mulingo womwe mukufuna pakhalidwe linalake. Pali zitsogozo zinayi zomwe mlangizi ayenera kutsatira kuti adziwe cholinga chamalingaliro amunthu payekha. Yesani kumvetsetsa:

• Kodi makolo kapena akuluakulu ena amachita chiyani akakumana ndi khalidwe lotere (loyenera kapena lolakwika).
• Imatsatira malingaliro otani?
• Kodi mwanayo amatani poyankha mafunso angapo otsutsana, kodi ali ndi reflex kuzindikira.
• Kodi mwanayo amatani ndi njira zowongolera.

Zomwe zili mu Gulu 4 zithandiza makolo kudziwa bwino zolinga zinayi za khalidwe loipa. Mlangizi ayenera kuphunzitsa makolo kuzindikira ndi kuzindikira zolinga zimenezi. Choncho, mlangizi amaphunzitsa makolo kupewa misampha yomwe mwanayo amatchera.

Matebulo 4, 5, 6 ndi 7. Yankho pakuwongolera ndi zomwe akufuna kukonza2

Mlangizi awonetsenso momveka bwino kwa ana kuti aliyense akumvetsa "masewera" omwe akusewera. Kuti izi zitheke, njira yolimbana nayo imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pambuyo pake, mwanayo amathandizidwa kusankha mitundu ina ya khalidwe. Ndipo mlangizi ayeneranso kuonetsetsa kuti akudziwitsa ana kuti adzadziwitsa makolo awo za "masewera" a ana awo.

mwana kufunafuna chisamaliro

Khalidwe lofuna kukopa chidwi ndi mbali yofunika ya moyo. Mwanayo amachitapo kanthu pa chikhulupiriro (nthawi zambiri samadziwa) kuti ali ndi phindu linalake kwa ena. okha ikapeza chidwi chawo. Mwana amene amafuna kuti zinthu ziwayendere bwino amakhulupirira kuti amakondedwa ndiponso amamulemekeza okha pamene akwaniritsa chinachake. Kawirikawiri makolo ndi aphunzitsi amatamanda mwanayo chifukwa chapamwamba kwambiri ndipo izi zimamutsimikizira kuti "kupambana" nthawi zonse kumatsimikizira udindo wapamwamba. Komabe, phindu la anthu ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa mwanayo kumangowonjezereka ngati ntchito yake yopambana ikufuna osati kukopa chidwi kapena kupeza mphamvu, koma kukwaniritsa chidwi cha gulu. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuti alangizi ndi ofufuza ajambule mzere wolondola pakati pa zolinga ziwiri zokopa chidwi. Komabe, zimenezi n’zofunika kwambiri chifukwa mwana wongofuna chisamaliro, wofuna kuchita bwino, kaŵirikaŵiri amasiya kugwira ntchito ngati sakuzindikiridwa mokwanira.

Ngati mwana wofuna chidwi akusunthira ku mbali yopanda phindu ya moyo, ndiye kuti akhoza kukwiyitsa akuluakulu potsutsana nawo, kusonyeza kusakhazikika mwadala ndikukana kumvera (khalidwe lomwelo limapezeka mwa ana omwe akumenyana ndi mphamvu). Ana osasamala amatha kufunafuna chisamaliro chifukwa cha ulesi, ulesi, kuiwala, kukhudzidwa kwambiri, kapena mantha.

Mwana kumenyera mphamvu

Ngati khalidwe lofuna chidwi silimatsogolera ku zotsatira zomwe mukufuna ndipo sizipereka mwayi woti mutenge malo omwe mukufunikira pagulu, ndiye kuti izi zingalepheretse mwanayo. Pambuyo pake, angasankhe kuti kulimbirana ulamuliro kungamtsimikizire malo m’gulu ndi udindo woyenera. Palibe chodabwitsa kuti ana nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi njala yamphamvu. Kaŵirikaŵiri amawona makolo awo, aphunzitsi, akuluakulu ena, ndi abale awo okulirapo kukhala okhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira, kuchita zimene afuna. Ana amafuna kutengera khalidwe linalake limene akuganiza kuti lingawapatse ulamuliro ndi kuvomerezedwa. "Ndikadakhala kuti ndimayang'anira ndikuwongolera zinthu ngati makolo anga, ndiye kuti ndikanakhala ndi ulamuliro ndi chithandizo." Awa ndi malingaliro olakwika nthawi zambiri a mwana wosazindikira. Kuyesera kugonjetsera mwanayo m’nkhondo yamphamvu imeneyi mosapeŵeka kudzatsogolera ku chipambano cha mwanayo. Monga Dreikurs (1968) anati:

Malinga ndi a Dreikurs, palibe "chipambano" chomaliza cha makolo kapena aphunzitsi. Nthawi zambiri, mwanayo «adzapambana» kokha chifukwa iye si malire ake njira kulimbana ndi lingaliro lililonse udindo ndi makhalidwe udindo. Mwanayo sangamenyane mwachilungamo. Iye, osalemedwa ndi katundu wochuluka wa udindo umene wapatsidwa kwa munthu wamkulu, akhoza kuthera nthawi yochuluka kumanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yake yolimbana nayo.

mwana wobwezera

Mwana amene amalephera kupeza malo okhutiritsa m’gulu mwa kufunafuna chisamaliro kapena kulimbirana ulamuliro angadzimve kukhala wosakondedwa ndi kukanidwa motero amakhala wobwezera. Uyu ndi mwana wachisoni, wamanyazi, wankhanza, wobwezera aliyense kuti amve kufunika kwake. M'mabanja osokonekera, makolo nthawi zambiri amabwereranso kubwezerana, motero, chilichonse chimadzibwerezanso. Zochita zomwe zimapangika kubwezera zimatha kukhala zakuthupi kapena mwamawu, zachipongwe kapena zotsogola. Koma cholinga chawo nthawi zonse chimakhala chofanana - kubwezera anthu ena.

Mwana amene akufuna kuwonedwa ngati wosakhoza

Ana omwe amalephera kupeza malo m'gulu, ngakhale kuti ali ndi chithandizo chothandizira anthu, khalidwe lokopa chidwi, kulimbana ndi mphamvu, kapena kuyesa kubwezera, potsirizira pake amasiya, amakhala opanda pake ndi kusiya zoyesayesa zawo kuti agwirizane ndi gululo. Dreikurs anatsutsa (Dreikurs, 1968): «Iye (mwanayo) amabisala kuseri kwa chionetsero cha kutsika kwenikweni kapena kongoganizirako» (p. 14). Ngati mwana woteroyo angakhutiritse makolo ndi aphunzitsi kuti iye sangakhozedi kuchita zoterozo, zofunidwa zochepa zidzaperekedwa kwa iye, ndipo zochititsa manyazi ndi zolephera zambiri zothekera zidzapeŵedwa. Masiku ano, kusukuluko kuli ana otere.

Mawu a M'munsi

1. Mawu. ndi: Dreikurs, R. (1968) Psychology mukalasi (yosinthidwa)

2. Cit. ndi: Dreikurs, R., Grunwald, B., Pepper, F. (1998) Sanity in the Classroom (adasinthidwa).