Nkhani yochokera ku mutu 3. Kukula kwa maganizo
Maphunziro a sukulu ya ana aang'ono ndi nkhani yotsutsana ku United States popeza ambiri sakutsimikiza za zotsatira za ana aang'ono ndi ana aang'ono; anthu ambiri ku America amakhulupiriranso kuti ana ayenera kuleredwa kunyumba ndi amayi awo. Komabe, m’chitaganya chimene amayi ambiri amagwira ntchito, sukulu ya ana aang’ono ili mbali ya moyo wa m’chitaganya; Ndipotu, ana ambiri azaka 3-4 (43%) amapita ku sukulu ya ana aang'ono kuposa momwe amakulira m'nyumba zawo kapena m'nyumba zina (35%).
Ofufuza ambiri ayesa kudziwa zotsatira (ngati zilipo) za maphunziro a sukulu ya ana. Kafukufuku wina wodziwika bwino (Belsky & Rovine, 1988) anapeza kuti makanda amene amasamaliridwa kwa maola oposa 20 pamlungu ndi munthu wina osati amayi awo anali othekera kukulitsa kusagwirizana kokwanira kwa amayi awo; komabe, deta imeneyi imangonena za anyamata akhanda omwe amayi awo samvera ana awo, amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi khalidwe lovuta. Mofananamo, Clarke-Stewart (1989) anapeza kuti makanda oleredwa ndi anthu ena kusiyapo amayi awo sakonda kukhala ndi chiyanjano champhamvu ndi amayi awo kusiyana ndi makanda omwe amasamaliridwa ndi amayi awo (47% ndi 53% motsatira). Ofufuza ena awona kuti kukula kwa ana sikumakhudzidwa ndi chisamaliro chabwino choperekedwa ndi ena (Phillips et al., 1987).
M'zaka zaposachedwa, kafukufuku wokhudza maphunziro a ana aang'ono sanayang'ane kwambiri kuyerekeza zotsatira za sukulu ya ana aang'ono ndi chisamaliro cha amayi, koma pa zotsatira za maphunziro abwino ndi oipa omwe ali kunja kwa nyumba. Chifukwa chake, ana omwe amapatsidwa chisamaliro chabwino kuyambira ali aang'ono adapezeka kuti ali ndi luso lotha kuyanjana ndi anthu kusukulu ya pulaimale (Anderson, 1992; Field, 1991; Howes, 1990) komanso odzidalira kwambiri (Scan & Eisenberg, 1993) kuposa ana. amene anayamba kupita ku sukulu ya mkaka zaka zingapo. Kumbali ina, kulera mopanda bwino kumatha kusokoneza kusintha, makamaka kwa anyamata, makamaka omwe amakhala m'malo ovuta kwambiri (Garrett, 1997). Maphunziro abwino apakhomo amatha kuthana ndi zisonkhezero zoipa zotere (Phillips et al., 1994).
Kodi maphunziro apamwamba akunja ndi chiyani? Zinthu zingapo zadziwika. Amaphatikizapo chiwerengero cha ana oleredwa m'malo amodzi, chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha olera ndi chiwerengero cha ana, kusintha kosawerengeka kwa mapangidwe a osamalira, komanso mlingo wa maphunziro ndi maphunziro a osamalira.
Ngati zinthu zimenezi n’zabwino, olera amakhala osamala kwambiri ndiponso amalabadira zosoŵa za ana; amakhalanso ochezeka kwambiri ndi ana, ndipo chifukwa chake, ana amapeza bwino pamayeso okhudzana ndi nzeru ndi chitukuko cha anthu (Galinsky et al., 1994; Helburn, 1995; Phillips & Whitebrook, 1992). Kafukufuku wina akuwonetsa kuti masukulu ophunzirira bwino komanso osiyanasiyana amakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino kwa ana (Scarr et al., 1993).
Kafukufuku wamkulu waposachedwapa wa ana oposa 1000 a m’masukulu khumi a kindergarten anapeza kuti ana a m’masukulu ophunzirira bwinoko (opimidwa ndi luso la aphunzitsi ndi kuchuluka kwa chisamaliro cha munthu aliyense payekha choperekedwa kwa ana) anapezadi chipambano chokulirapo m’kupeza chinenero ndi kukulitsa luso la kulingalira. . kuposa ana ochokera kumalo ofanana omwe salandira maphunziro apamwamba kunja kwa nyumba. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa ana ochokera m'mabanja opeza ndalama zochepa (Garrett, 1997).
Kaŵirikaŵiri, tinganene kuti ana sakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuleredwa kwa anthu ena kusiyapo amayi. Zotsatira zoyipa zilizonse zimakonda kukhala zamalingaliro m'chilengedwe, pomwe zotsatira zabwino nthawi zambiri zimakhala zamagulu; zotsatira za chitukuko cha chidziwitso nthawi zambiri zimakhala zabwino kapena palibe. Komabe, izi zimangonena za maphunziro apamwamba akunja kwapakhomo. Kaŵirikaŵiri kusalera bwino ana kumakhala ndi chiyambukiro choipa kwa ana, mosasamala kanthu za malo awo okhala.
Ma kindergartens okonzekera bwino okhala ndi osamalira okwanira ana apezeka kuti ali ndi zotsatira zabwino pa chitukuko cha ana.
Youth
Unyamata ndi nthawi yosintha kuchokera paubwana kufika pauchikulire. Malire ake amsinkhu samafotokozedwa momveka bwino, koma pafupifupi amatenga zaka 12 mpaka 17-19, pamene kukula kwa thupi kumatha. Panthawi imeneyi, mnyamata kapena mtsikana amakula ndipo amayamba kudzizindikira kuti ndi wosiyana ndi banja lake. Onani →