Mphamvu yapamwamba ya makoma akale a ku China inaperekedwa ndi msuzi wa mpunga, womwe omangawo anawonjezera ku matope a laimu. Chisakanizo chokhala ndi ma carbohydrate amylopectin mwina chinali choyambirira chapadziko lapansi chokhala ndi organic-inorganic composite.
Zida zophatikizika, kapena zophatikizika - zida zolimba zamitundu yambiri zomwe zimakulolani kuti muphatikize zinthu zothandiza zamagulu awo, zakhala zofunikira kwambiri pakumanga kwamagulu a anthu. Chodabwitsa cha ma composites ndikuti amaphatikiza zinthu zolimbikitsira zomwe zimapereka mawonekedwe ofunikira amakina azinthuzo, ndi matrix omangira omwe amatsimikizira kugwira ntchito limodzi kwa zinthu zolimbitsa. Zida zophatikizika zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga (konkriti yolimba) ndi injini zoyatsira zamkati (zopaka pamalo okangana ndi ma pistoni), mu ndege ndi zakuthambo, popanga zida ndi ndodo.
Koma kodi ma kompositi ndi azaka zingati ndipo ayamba kugwira ntchito mwachangu bwanji? Chinthu choyamba chimene chimabwera m'maganizo ndi njerwa zakale zopangidwa ndi dongo, koma zosakaniza ndi udzu (zomwe zimangokhala "matrix omangira"), zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Egypt wakale.
Komabe, ngakhale kuti mapangidwewa anali abwinoko kusiyana ndi amakono omwe sali ophatikizana, anali adakali opanda ungwiro ndipo motero amakhala osakhalitsa. Komabe, banja la "zophatikizika zakale" silimangokhala pa izi. Asayansi aku China adatha kudziwa kuti chinsinsi cha matope akale, omwe amatsimikizira mphamvu ya Khoma Lalikulu la China motsutsana ndi kukakamizidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri, alinso m'munda wa sayansi yazinthu zophatikizika.
Zipangizo zamakono zakale zinali zodula kwambiri, koma zothandiza.
Tondo ankapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mpunga wotsekemera, womwe ndi chakudya chamakono cha ku Asia. Gulu la pulofesa wa chemistry Bingjiang Zhang adapeza kuti omanga adagwiritsa ntchito matope omata opangidwa kuchokera ku mpunga zaka 1,5 zapitazo. Kuti tichite zimenezi, mpunga msuzi wothira zosakaniza mwachizolowezi njira yothetsera - slaked laimu (kashiamu hydroxide), akamagwira calcining mwala (kashiamu carbonate) pa kutentha, kenako slaking chifukwa calcium okusayidi (quicklime) ndi madzi.
N'kutheka kuti matope a mpunga ndi amene anali oyamba padziko lonse kukhala ndi zinthu zambirimbiri zophatikizika ndi zinthu zakuthupi ndi zakuthupi.
Inali yamphamvu komanso yosamva mvula kuposa matope wamba a laimu ndipo ndithudi inali njira yopambana kwambiri yaumisiri ya nthawi yake. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba zofunika kwambiri: manda, ma pagodas ndi makoma a mzinda, ena mwa iwo omwe apulumuka mpaka lero ndipo akulimbana ndi zivomezi zingapo zamphamvu ndi zoyesayesa zowonongeka ndi bulldozers zamakono.
Asayansi adatha kupeza "chinthu chogwira" cha yankho la mpunga. Zinapezeka kuti amylopectin, polysaccharide yopangidwa ndi unyolo wanthambi wa mamolekyu a glucose, chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za wowuma.
"Kafukufuku wowunika wawonetsa kuti matope omwe adamangidwa kale ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi organic-inorganic. Zomwe zidapangidwazo zidatsimikiziridwa ndi thermogravimetric differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction, Fourier amasintha mawonekedwe a infrared spectroscopy ndi scanning electron microscopy. Zatsimikiziridwa kuti amylopectin imapanga microstructure ya osakaniza ndi chigawo chimodzi, chomwe chimapereka zofunikira zomanga yankho, "atero ofufuza aku China m'nkhani.
Ku Ulaya, iwo amaona kuti, kuyambira m’nthaŵi ya Aroma akale, fumbi lamapiri lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera mphamvu ku matope. Choncho, adakwaniritsa kukhazikika kwa njira yothetsera madzi - sanasungunuke mmenemo, koma, mosiyana, anaumitsa okha. Tekinoloje iyi idafalikira ku Europe ndi Western Asia, koma siinagwiritsidwe ntchito ku China, chifukwa kunalibe zida zofunikira zachilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, omanga aku China adatulukamo ndikupanga chowonjezera chochokera ku mpunga.
Kuphatikiza pa mtengo wa mbiri yakale, kutulukira kulinso kofunika m'mawu othandiza. Kukonzekera kuchuluka kwa mayeso a matope kunawonetsa kuti imakhalabe njira yothandiza kwambiri yobwezeretsanso nyumba zakale, komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofunikira kusinthira zinthu zolumikizira mu njerwa kapena zomangamanga.