Zimadziwika kuti mabotolo asanayambe kuoneka, vinyo ankasungidwa ndikutumizidwa m'mitsuko yadothi ndipo mpaka lero dongo likadali chinthu choyenera kwambiri chakumwa ichi - chimateteza vinyo ku kuwala, kusunga kutentha komwe kumafunidwa ndipo sichisokoneza kapangidwe kake. kununkhira kwake.
N'zosadabwitsa kuti pafupifupi mbiri yonse ya ziwiya zosungira ndi kugulitsa vinyo ndi mbiri yakale ya mtsuko wadothi. Mwina makolo athu ochita chidwi adakambirana ndikukhazikitsa malingaliro angapo opangira zida zakumwa mphesa, koma zochepa zomwe zidapulumuka pakufukulako kupatula dongo, zomwe zimatsimikizira kutchuka kwake komanso kulimba kwake.
Asayansi amanena kuti anthu akale ankatha kugwiritsa ntchito khungu ndi kupukuta ndi kuuma mkati mwa nyama ndi nsomba kusunga zakumwa. Koma zinthu zoterezi zinawonongeka mwamsanga, zinapeza fungo lovunda kuchokera ku chinyezi, mkaka wothira ndikuwononga vinyo.
Amphora
Magalasi enieni oyambirira opangidwa ndi dongo la vinyo, mtsuko wokhala ndi zogwirira ziwiri (Latin amphora) ndi amphora. Amphorae adawonekera asanalembe, mawonekedwe a jug adasintha nthawi zonse ndipo m'zaka za zana la 18 adapeza zolemba zomwe tikudziwa - mtsuko wamtali, wautali wokhala ndi khosi lopapatiza komanso pansi lakuthwa. Mu amphorae osati vinyo okha omwe amasungidwa, komanso mowa. Komabe, vinyo ankasungidwa mopingasa komanso moŵa molunjika. Chidziwitsochi chinaperekedwa kwa anthu ndi zomwe anapeza m'dera la Iran - "mtsuko wa ku Kanani" wotchuka, zaka zoposa 5.
Palinso zopeza zakale, mitsuko, momwe vinyo amasandulika mwala nthawi ndi nthawi - mabotolo oterowo ali pafupi zaka 7.
Amphorae anali yabwino kusunga ndi kunyamula madzi, mafuta, chimanga. Chifukwa cha katundu wawo kuti asunge zinthu zomwe zili mu mawonekedwe awo oyambirira, musalole kuti fungo lachilendo liwapitirire ndipo musagwirizane ndi zomwe zili mkatimo, nthawi yomweyo "kupuma", amphorae akhala kale chidebe chodziwika bwino komanso chosavuta. Ndipo panali zinthu zambiri zopangira mitsuko - dongo linalipo mochuluka.
Amphora yapamwamba inali ndi pansi ndipo inali ndi mphamvu pafupifupi malita 30. Pa zombo zomwe zinkanyamula mitsukoyo, panali zogwiriziza zamatabwa zapadera za pansi lakuthwa, ndipo amphorae ankamangirira ndi zingwe wina ndi mzake. Anapanganso timiyala tating'ono tosungiramo mafuta onunkhira komanso zazikulu kwambiri zosungiramo mzinda kapena linga. Chifukwa cha kufooka kwawo, amphorae nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chidebe chotayira pa katundu wina. Pafupi ndi Roma pali phiri la Monte Testaccio, lomwe lili ndi zidutswa za amphorae 53 miliyoni. Kuyesera kwapangidwa kuti apange amphorae yogwiritsidwanso ntchito pophimba dongo ndi glaze.
Amphorae anali osindikizidwa bwino ndi utomoni ndi dongo; ngakhale pofukula, mitsuko ya vinyo yosindikizidwa yosakhudzidwa ndi nthawi ndi zinthu zakunja zinapezedwa. Vinyo omwe ali muzopeza zotere, ngakhale asayansi amakayikira, ndi oyenera kumwa ndipo amakoma. Vinyo wakale wopezeka amagulitsidwa kumagulu achinsinsi, ndipo mutha kulawa kapu yachakumwa chakale polipira ndalama zambiri, pafupifupi ma euro 25.
Poyambirira, zamkati mwa amphorae akale zinali zosatheka kudziwa, chifukwa pamitsuko panalibe zilembo. Koma amphora ena akale akale anayamba kukhala ndi zizindikiro. Oyang'anira, omwe kale anali ndi udindo woteteza mabotolo, anayamba kusiya zojambula pa amphoras - nsomba kapena mtsikana wokhala ndi mpesa. Patapita nthawi, zambiri za zokolola za mankhwala, mitundu ya mphesa, katundu ndi kukoma kwa vinyo, voliyumu ndi zaka za zakumwa zinayamba kuikidwa pa mabotolo.
Migolo ya Oak
Chinthu china chodziwika bwino chosungiramo vinyo chinali nkhuni, zomwe zinasunganso kukoma ndi fungo la zakumwazo. Ndipo migolo ya oak imawonjezera kununkhira komanso kununkhira kwake. Zovuta zokha kupanga mbale zamatabwa zinapangitsa kuti nkhaniyi ikhale yochepa kwambiri, makamaka pamene dongo losavuta kupanga lidaponda pazidendene.
Komabe, m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages, pamene chigogomezero sichinali cha kuchuluka kwake, koma pa ubwino wa chakumwacho, nkhuni zinkakondedwabe. Matannins omwe amapanga zinthuzi adapangitsa vinyo kukhala wabwino komanso wathanzi. Zakumwa zomwe zikubwera, cognac ndi doko, zidalowetsedwa m'migolo yamatabwa yokha, ndipo mpaka pano, ngakhale kukula kwa makampani opanga magalasi ndi pulasitiki, migolo yamatabwa imalemekezedwa kwambiri ndi opanga vinyo.
Glassware
Zaka 6 zikwi zapitazo, zinsinsi za kupanga magalasi zinadziwika kwa anthu. Aigupto anapanga tibotolo tagalasi tating’ono tofukizira ndi zodzoladzola. Ndizodabwitsa kuti zithunzi zosiyanasiyana zinapangidwa ndi galasi - zipatso, nyama, anthu, kujambula zinthuzo mumitundu yosiyanasiyana. Voliyumu ya chidebe cha galasi inali yaying'ono.
M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, bizinesi yamagalasi inazimiririka pang'ono, chifukwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tonyezimira tinkaonedwa kuti ndi ntchito yabwino komanso yosangalatsa. M’zaka za m’ma 13, Ufumu wa Roma unabwezanso fashoniyo kukhala magalasi, chotero chidziŵitso cha kuwomba magalasi chinabwezeretsedwanso ku Venice, ndipo chinaletsedwa kotheratu kugawana nacho, ngakhale kufikira pakumanidwa moyo. Panthawi imeneyi, luso lopanga magalasi linakula, mawonekedwe atsopano ndi khalidwe linawoneka, mphamvu zazitsulo zamagalasi zinakula kwambiri. Ukadaulo wopanga wapangitsa kuti zitheke kuchepetsa mtengo wa zida zamagalasi, ndipo kuwongolera bwino kwakulitsa "gawo" lakugwiritsa ntchito kwake.
Pakatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 17, a British ankagwiritsa ntchito mabotolo agalasi posungira ndi kugulitsa mankhwala - chifukwa cha maonekedwe okongola, mankhwala anayamba kugulitsa bwino. Ochita malonda a vinyo anasinkhasinkha za mkhalidwe umenewu ndipo anaganiza zoikamo chiwopsezo chothira vinyo m’mabotolo agalasi, kumamatirapo zilembo zokongola. Ndipo popeza kuti kugwirizana ndi mankhwala kunalibe, vinyo anachititsanso anthu kufuna kugula chakumwa chimene chingakulimbikitseni ndi kukhala ndi thanzi labwino.
Chifukwa cha botolo lagalasi, vinyo wochokera m'gulu la zakumwa za tsiku ndi tsiku za banal wakhala chakumwa chapamwamba, cholemekezeka, choyenera pa tebulo lachikondwerero. Vinyo anayamba kusonkhanitsidwa, ndipo mpaka lero pali vinyo kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18 - kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19.
M'zaka za m'ma 20 m'zaka za m'ma 19, botolo lagalasi linakhala chidebe chodziwika bwino cha mowa kotero kuti mafakitale a mabotolo sakanatha kupirira malamulo ambiri.
Mu 1824, teknoloji yatsopano yopangira magalasi pansi pa kupsyinjika idawonekera, ndipo kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino, makina opangira mabotolo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, botolo lakhala chidebe chotsika mtengo komanso chodziwika bwino, panthawi imodzimodziyo, zapadera ndi zachilendo za mabotolo opangidwa ndi manja zatayika.
750 ml - mulingo woterewu udawoneka chifukwa chakuti botolo lotere limatha kuwomberedwa ndi wowombera magalasi, komano, muyeso wotere udachokera ku damask "yolakwika" - theka lachisanu ndi chitatu cha ndowa. , malita 0,76875.
Ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa kupanga zodziwikiratu, mabotolowo anayamba kukhala osiyana ndi mawonekedwe - amakona anayi, conical, m'lifupi ndi makulidwe a makoma analinso osiyana. Kusiyana kwamitundu kudawoneka, botolo lowonekera linkawoneka ngati losavuta, lobiriwira ndi amber anali chizindikiro chakumwa chakumwa, ndipo mithunzi yofiira ndi yabuluu inali chakumwa chapamwamba.
Pamene kampani iliyonse idayesa kupanga botolo lake losiyana, mawonekedwe ndi mtundu zidakhala chizindikiro cha mtundu wina. Zakumwa zoledzeretsa zinayamba kulembedwa ndi chizindikiro, komanso kusonyeza malo a chomeracho ndi chaka chopangidwa pa izo. Chizindikiro chapadera cha khalidwe chinali chifaniziro cha chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mitu iwiri - mphoto yachifumu yomwe imasonyeza khalidwe lodziwika bwino.
Kuyika kwina
Patapita nthawi, mabotolo a PET adawonekera. Ndiopepuka modabwitsa, olimba komanso osinthikanso. Amatsekedwa ndi pulasitiki kapena zotayira za aluminiyamu, osalowerera ku chilengedwe cha acidic cha vinyo.
Mtundu wina wamapaketi omwe amafunidwa chifukwa chotsika mtengo, kuphweka komanso kukonda chilengedwe ndi makatoni omwe ali ndi botolo la PET kapena thumba la lavsan lokhala ndi chowunikira. Vinyo m'mabotolo oterowo samasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, koma ndibwino kuti mutenge nawo ndikutaya ma CD opanda kanthu.
Masiku ano, galasi likadali chidebe chabwino kwambiri cha vinyo, koma zakumwa zakale mu migolo yamatabwa zimayamikiridwanso. Maphukusi onse amakhala mwamtendere pamashelefu am'masitolo athu ndipo amapangidwira ndalama zosiyanasiyana zamakasitomala.