Kuti atsimikizire kuphompho kwachilengedwe komwe anthu akupitako, tsoka lomwe likubwera lazachilengedwe, masiku ano sikofunikiranso kukhala katswiri wazachilengedwe. Simufunikanso kukhala ndi digiri ya koleji. Ndikokwanira kuyang'ana ndikuwunika momwe komanso ndi liwiro lanji zinthu zachilengedwe kapena madera ena padziko lapansi asintha pazaka zana kapena makumi asanu zapitazi.
Panali nsomba zambiri m'mitsinje ndi nyanja, zipatso ndi bowa m'nkhalango, maluwa ndi agulugufe m'madambo, achule ndi mbalame m'madambo, akalulu ndi zinyama zina zokhala ndi ubweya, etc. zana, makumi asanu, zaka makumi awiri zapitazo? Pang'ono, pang'ono, pang'ono… Chithunzichi ndi chodziwika bwino chamagulu ambiri a nyama, zomera ndi zachilengedwe zopanda moyo. Red Book ya zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha komanso kukhala osowa zimasinthidwa pafupipafupi ndi omwe akukhudzidwa ndi zochitika za Homo sapiens…
Ndipo yerekezerani ubwino ndi chiyero cha mpweya, madzi ndi nthaka zaka zana limodzi, makumi asanu zapitazo ndi lerolino! Ndipotu, kumene munthu amakhala, lero pali zinyalala zapakhomo, pulasitiki yomwe siiwonongeka m'chilengedwe, mpweya woopsa wa mankhwala, mpweya wotulutsa galimoto ndi zowononga zina. Nkhalango zozungulira mizinda, zodzala ndi zinyalala, utsi womwe ukulendewera m’mizinda, mapaipi opangira magetsi, mafakitale ndi zomera zomwe zimasuta mlengalenga, mitsinje, nyanja ndi nyanja zoipitsidwa kapena kuipitsidwa ndi kusefukira, dothi ndi madzi apansi odzaza ndi feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ... m'mbuyomu, madera ambiri anali pafupi ndi malo osungira nyama zakutchire komanso kusakhalapo kwa anthu kumeneko.
Kukonzanso kwakukulu ndi kukhetsa madzi, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, chitukuko cha nthaka yaulimi, kukhala chipululu, kumanga ndi kutukuka kwa mizinda - pali madera ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazachuma, komanso madera ochepa kwambiri achipululu. Kulinganiza, kulinganiza pakati pa nyama zakutchire ndi munthu kumasokonekera. Zachilengedwe zimawonongedwa, zimasinthidwa, zimawonongeka. Kukhazikika kwawo ndi kuthekera kwawo kokonzanso zinthu zachilengedwe zikuchepa.
Ndipo izi zimachitika paliponse. Madera onse, mayiko, ngakhale makontinenti ayamba kale kunyozeka. Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani za chuma chachilengedwe cha Siberia ndi Far East ndi kuyerekezera zomwe zinalipo kale ndi zomwe zilipo tsopano. Ngakhale Antarctica, yomwe ikuwoneka kuti ili kutali ndi chitukuko cha anthu, ikukumana ndi mphamvu zamphamvu padziko lonse lapansi. Mwina kwinakwake kuli madera ang’onoang’ono, akutali amene tsokali silinawakhudze. Koma izi ndizosiyana ndi malamulo onse.
Ndikokwanira kutchula zitsanzo zoterezi za masoka achilengedwe m'mayiko omwe kale anali USSR monga kuwonongeka kwa Nyanja ya Aral, ngozi ya Chernobyl, malo oyesera a Semipalatinsk, kuwonongeka kwa Belovezhskaya Pushcha, ndi kuipitsidwa kwa mtsinje wa Volga.
Imfa ya Nyanja ya Aral
Mpaka posachedwa, Nyanja ya Aral inali nyanja yachinayi padziko lonse lapansi, yotchuka chifukwa cha zachilengedwe zolemera kwambiri, ndipo dera la Nyanja ya Aral linkawoneka ngati malo otukuka komanso olemera mwachilengedwe. Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, kufunafuna chuma cha thonje, pakhala kuwonjezeka mosasamala kwa ulimi wothirira. Izi zinapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mitsinje ya Syrdarya ndi Amudarya mitsinje. Nyanja ya Aral inayamba kuuma mofulumira. Pofika m'ma 90s, Aral idataya magawo awiri mwa atatu a voliyumu yake, ndipo dera lake linali pafupifupi theka, ndipo pofika chaka cha 2009 malo ouma akum'mwera kwa Aral adasanduka chipululu chatsopano cha Aral-Kum. Flora ndi zinyama zachepa kwambiri, nyengo ya derali yakula kwambiri, ndipo chiwerengero cha matenda pakati pa anthu okhala m'dera la Aral Sea chawonjezeka. Panthawi imeneyi, chipululu cha mchere chomwe chinapangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1990 chafalikira pamtunda wa makilomita zikwi zambiri. Anthu, atatopa ndi matenda ndi umphawi, anayamba kuchoka m’nyumba zawo.
Semipalatinsk Test Site
Pa August 29, 1949, bomba loyamba la atomiki la Soviet linayesedwa pamalo oyesera nyukiliya a Semipalatinsk. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, malo oyesera a Semipalatinsk akhala malo akuluakulu oyesera zida za nyukiliya ku USSR. Kuphulika kwa nyukiliya za 400 pansi pa nthaka ndi pansi kunachitika pamalo oyesera. Mu 1991, mayesowo adayima, koma madera ambiri omwe anali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda adatsalirabe pamalo oyeserera komanso madera apafupi. M'madera ambiri, maziko a radioactive amafika 15000 micro-roentgens pa ola, zomwe zimakhala maulendo masauzande ambiri kuposa mlingo wovomerezeka. Madera omwe ali ndi kachilomboka ndi opitilira 300 kmXNUMX. Kumeneku kuli anthu oposa miliyoni imodzi ndi theka. Matenda a khansa afala kwambiri kum'mawa kwa Kazakhstan.
Bialowieza Forest
Ichi ndi chotsalira chokha chachikulu cha nkhalango yotsalira, yomwe kale inaphimba zigwa za Ulaya ndi kapeti yosalekeza ndipo inadulidwa pang'onopang'ono. Mitundu yambiri ya nyama, zomera ndi bowa, kuphatikizapo njati, imakhalabe mmenemo. Chifukwa cha izi, Belovezhskaya Pushcha amatetezedwa lero (paki ya dziko ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe), komanso ili m'gulu la World Heritage List. Pushcha m'mbiri yakale anali malo osangalalira ndi kusaka, woyamba wa akalonga a ku Lithuania, mafumu a ku Poland, mafumu aku Russia, kenako a Soviet party nomenklatura. Tsopano ili pansi pa ulamuliro wa Purezidenti wa Belarus. Ku Pushcha, nthawi zachitetezo chokhazikika komanso kuzunza mwankhanza zidasinthana. Kudula mitengo, kukonzanso nthaka, kasamalidwe ka kusaka kwadzetsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe chapadera. Kusasamalira bwino, kuwononga zachilengedwe, kunyalanyaza sayansi yosungidwa ndi malamulo achilengedwe, zomwe zidafika pachimake zaka 10 zapitazi, zidawononga kwambiri Belovezhskaya Pushcha. Poyang'aniridwa ndi chitetezo, malo osungirako zachilengedwe asinthidwa kukhala "agro-trade-tourist-industrial" "mutant Forestry" yomwe imaphatikizaponso minda yamagulu. Chotsatira chake, Pushcha mwiniwake, ngati nkhalango yotsalira, amachoka pamaso pathu ndikusanduka chinthu china, wamba komanso zachilengedwe zopanda phindu.
Malire a kukula
Kuphunzira kwa munthu m'malo ake achilengedwe kumawoneka kuti ndi ntchito yosangalatsa komanso yovuta kwambiri. Kufunika koganizira kuchuluka kwa madera ndi zinthu nthawi imodzi, kugwirizana kwa magawo osiyanasiyana, chikoka chovuta cha munthu - zonsezi zimafuna dziko lonse lapansi kuona chilengedwe. Sizongochitika mwangozi kuti katswiri wodziwika bwino wa zachilengedwe wa ku America Odum adatcha ecology sayansi ya kapangidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito a chilengedwe.
Dera lachidziwitso losiyanasiyanali limawunika ubale womwe ulipo pakati pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yachilengedwe: zopanda moyo, zamasamba, nyama ndi anthu. Palibe sayansi yomwe ilipo yomwe yakwanitsa kuphatikiza kafukufuku wapadziko lonse wotere. Chifukwa chake, ecology pamlingo wake wamkulu idayenera kuphatikiza maphunziro omwe amawoneka ngati osiyana monga biology, geography, cybernetics, mankhwala, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachuma. Masoka achilengedwe, akutsatana, amasintha gawo lachidziwitso limeneli kukhala lofunika kwambiri. Ndipo chotero, malingaliro a dziko lonse lapansi lero akutembenuzidwira ku vuto la dziko lonse la kupulumuka kwa anthu.
Kusaka njira yachitukuko chokhazikika kunayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970. Anayambitsidwa ndi "World Dynamics" ndi J. Forrester ndi "Limits to Growth" ndi D. Meadows. Pamsonkhano Woyamba wa Dziko Lonse wa Zachilengedwe ku Stockholm mu 1972, M. Strong anapereka lingaliro latsopano la chitukuko cha chilengedwe ndi zachuma. M'malo mwake, adapereka lingaliro la kayendetsedwe kazachuma mothandizidwa ndi chilengedwe. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, lingaliro lachitukuko chokhazikika linaperekedwa, lomwe linkafuna kukwaniritsidwa kwa ufulu wa anthu ku malo abwino.
Chimodzi mwa zolemba zoyambirira za chilengedwe padziko lonse chinali Convention on Biological Diversity (yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ku Rio de Janeiro mu 1992) ndi Kyoto Protocol (yomwe inasaina ku Japan mu 1997). Msonkhanowu, monga mukudziwa, unakakamiza mayiko kuchitapo kanthu kuti ateteze mitundu ya zamoyo zamoyo, ndi ndondomekoyi - kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Komabe, monga tikuonera, zotsatira za mapanganowa ndizochepa. Pakali pano, palibe kukayikira kuti vuto la zachilengedwe silinayimitsidwe, koma likungokulirakulira. Kutentha kwapadziko lonse sikufunikanso kutsimikiziridwa ndi "kufufuzidwa" mu ntchito za asayansi. Ndi pamaso pa aliyense, kunja kwa zenera lathu, mu kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kutentha, mu chilala pafupipafupi, mkuntho wamphamvu (pambuyo pa zonse, nthunzi kuchuluka kwa madzi mu mlengalenga kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti zambiri ayenera kuthira kwinakwake. ).
Funso lina ndilakuti posachedwapa mavuto azachilengedwe adzasanduka tsoka lachilengedwe? Ndiko kuti, posachedwapa njira, njira yomwe ingasinthidwebe, idzasunthira ku khalidwe latsopano, pamene kubwerera sikungatheke?
Tsopano akatswiri azachilengedwe akukambirana ngati zomwe zimatchedwa kuti chilengedwe chosabwerera zadutsa kapena ayi? Ndiko kuti, kodi tawoloka chotchinga chomwe pambuyo pake chiwonongeko cha chilengedwe sichingapeŵeke ndipo sipadzakhala kubwerera mmbuyo, kapena kodi tidakali ndi nthawi yoti tiyime ndi kubwerera? Palibe yankho limodzi panobe. Chinthu chimodzi ndi chodziwikiratu: kusintha kwa nyengo kukukulirakulira, kutayika kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo (mitundu ndi midzi yamoyo) komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kukufulumizitsa ndikupita kudziko losasunthika. Ndipo izi, ngakhale titayesetsa kwambiri kuti tipewe ndi kuyimitsa njirayi… Chifukwa chake, masiku ano kuwopseza kwa kufa kwa chilengedwe sikusiya aliyense wopanda chidwi.
Kodi kuwerengera molondola?
Zoneneratu zopanda chiyembekezo za akatswiri azachilengedwe zimatisiya mpaka zaka 30, pomwe tiyenera kupanga chisankho ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira. Koma ngakhale mawerengedwewa amaoneka ngati olimbikitsa kwambiri kwa ife. Tawononga kale dziko lapansi mokwanira ndipo tikuyenda mothamanga mpaka osabwereranso. Nthawi ya osakwatiwa, chidziwitso chaumwini chatha. Yafika nthawi yoti anthu onse adziwe kuti ali ndi udindo wa tsogolo la chitukuko. Pokhapokha pochita zinthu limodzi, ndi gulu lonse la padziko lapansi, tingathe, ngati sitisiya, ndiye kuti tichepetse zotsatira za ngozi yomwe ikubwera. Pokhapokha ngati titayamba kujowina mphamvu lero tidzakhala ndi nthawi yoletsa kuwononga ndi kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe. Apo ayi, nthawi zovuta zikutiyembekezera tonse…
Malingana ndi VIVernadsky, "nthawi ya noosphere" yogwirizana iyenera kutsogozedwa ndi kukonzanso kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, kusintha kwa mtengo wake. Sitikunena kuti anthu ayenera kusiya nthawi yomweyo ndikusiya moyo wawo wonse. Tsogolo limakula kuchokera m'mbuyomu. Sitikulimbikiranso kuunika kosadziwika bwino kwa mayendedwe athu akale: zomwe tachita bwino ndi zomwe sitinachite. Sikophweka lero kupeza chomwe tinachita chabwino ndi cholakwika, komanso nkosatheka kusiya moyo wathu wonse wakale mpaka titaulula mbali ina. Sitingathe kuweruza mbali imodzi mpaka titaona ina. Kupambana kwa kuwala kumawululidwa kuchokera mumdima. Kodi si chifukwa cha izi (njira ya unipolar) kuti anthu akulepherabe kuyesa kuthetsa mavuto omwe akukula padziko lonse ndikusintha moyo kukhala wabwino?
Sizingatheke kuthetsa mavuto a chilengedwe pochepetsa kupanga kapena kungopatutsa mitsinje! Pakalipano, ndi funso lokha poulula chilengedwe chonse mu umphumphu wake ndi umodzi ndi kumvetsetsa zomwe kulinganiza ndi izo kumatanthauza, kuti ndiye kupanga chisankho choyenera ndi kuwerengera koyenera. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti tsopano tiyenera kudutsa mbiri yathu yonse ndi kubwerera kumapanga, monga momwe “obiriwira” ena amafunira, ku moyo woterowo tikamakumba pansi kufunafuna mizu yodyera kapena kusaka nyama zakuthengo mwadongosolo. kuti mwanjira ina tidzidyetse tokha. monga momwe zinaliri zaka zikwi zambiri zapitazo.
Kukambitsiranako kuli kosiyana kotheratu. Mpaka munthu atadzipezera yekha chidzalo cha chilengedwe chonse, Chilengedwe chonse ndipo osazindikira kuti iye ndi ndani mu Chilengedwe ichi ndi ntchito yake, sangathe kuwerengera molondola. Pokhapokha pambuyo pake tidzadziwa njira ndi momwe tingasinthire moyo wathu. Ndipo izi zisanachitike, ziribe kanthu zomwe tingachite, chirichonse chidzakhala chapakati, chosagwira ntchito kapena cholakwika. Tidzakhala ngati anthu olota maloto amene akuyembekeza kukonza dzikoli, kusintha, kulepheranso, ndiyeno n’kumadzimvera chisoni kwambiri. Choyamba tiyenera kudziwa kuti chenicheni ndi chiyani komanso njira yolondola yochitira izo. Ndiyeno munthu adzatha kumvetsa mmene angachitire zinthu mogwira mtima. Ndipo ngati tingoyenda mozungulira muzochita zakomweko popanda kumvetsetsa malamulo adziko lapansi, osapanga mawerengedwe olondola, ndiye kuti tidzalepheranso. Monga zachitika mpaka pano.
Kuyanjanitsa ndi chilengedwe
Nyama ndi zomera zilibe ufulu wosankha. Ufulu umenewu wapatsidwa kwa munthu, koma amaugwiritsa ntchito mwadyera. Chifukwa chake, zovuta zomwe zili m'chilengedwe chapadziko lonse lapansi zimayamba chifukwa cha zochita zathu zam'mbuyomu zomwe zimangofuna kudzikonda komanso kuwononga. Timafunikira zochita zatsopano zolimbana ndi chilengedwe komanso kudzipereka. Ngati munthu ayamba kuzindikira ufulu wosankha mosasamala, ndiye kuti chilengedwe chonse chidzabwerera ku chiyanjano. Kugwirizana kumazindikirika pamene munthu amadya kuchokera ku chilengedwe chimodzimodzi monga momwe amaloledwa mwachibadwa pa moyo wamba. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ngati anthu asinthira ku chikhalidwe chakumwa popanda zowonjezera ndi parasitism, ndiye kuti nthawi yomweyo amayamba kukhudza chilengedwe.
Sitiwononga kapena kukonza dziko ndi chilengedwe ndi china chilichonse kupatula malingaliro athu. Ndi malingaliro athu okha, chikhumbo cha umodzi, chikondi, chifundo ndi chifundo, timakonza dziko lapansi. Ngati tichita ku Chirengedwe ndi chikondi kapena chidani, kuphatikiza kapena kuchotsera, ndiye kuti Chirengedwe chimatibwezera kwa ife pamlingo uliwonse.
Kuti maubwenzi odzipereka ayambe kufalikira pagulu, kukonzanso kwakukulu kwa chidziwitso cha anthu ambiri, makamaka anzeru, kuphatikiza akatswiri azachilengedwe, ndikofunikira. Ndikofunikira kuzindikira ndikuvomereza chosavuta komanso nthawi yomweyo chodabwitsa, chowonadi chodabwitsa kwa wina: njira ya luntha ndi sayansi ndi njira yakufa. Sitingathe ndipo sitingathe kufotokozera anthu lingaliro la kusunga chilengedwe kudzera m'chinenero cha luntha. Timafunikira njira ina - njira ya mtima, timafunikira chilankhulo cha chikondi. Ndi njira iyi yokha yomwe tidzatha kufikira miyoyo ya anthu ndikutembenuza kuyenda kwawo kuchoka ku tsoka lachilengedwe.