Chidwi chachikulu mu filosofi chimakhazikika pa mutu wa antispeciesism, makhalidwe a zinyama, ubale pakati pa munthu ndi nyama. Leonardo Caffo wasindikiza mabuku angapo okhudza nkhaniyi, makamaka: A Manifesto of Vulnerable Antispeciesism. Nkhumba sichidzasintha "2013, "Nyama Zamakono Masiku Ano" 2013, "Limit of Humanity" 2014, "Constructivism and Naturalism in Metaethics" 2014. Amagwiranso ntchito pamasewero a zisudzo. M'ntchito zake, Leonardo Caffo amapereka owerenga mawonekedwe atsopano pa chiphunzitso cha antispeciesism, kuyang'ana kwatsopano pa ubale wa munthu ndi nyama, zomwe sizingakusiyeni inu osayanjanitsika.
Nkhumba sidzasintha. Manifesto of Vulnerable Anti-Speciesism (zochokera m'bukuli)
“Nyama, zobadwa opanda kalikonse koma tsoka losakhala munthu, zimakhala ndi moyo woipa, waufupi ndi womvetsa chisoni. N’chifukwa chakuti zili m’manja mwathu kugwiritsa ntchito moyo wawo kuti tipindule nawo. Nyama zimadyedwa, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza, zimapangidwira zovala, ndipo ngati muli ndi mwayi, zidzatsekeredwa kumalo osungiramo nyama kapena masewera. Aliyense amene amanyalanyaza zimenezi ayenera kukhala wosangalala poganiza kuti mavuto aakulu kwambiri padziko lonse agonjetsedwa mpaka pano ndiponso kuti moyo wathu ndi wa makhalidwe abwino. Kuti mumvetse kuti zowawa zonsezi zilipo, muyenera kulemba osati kuchokera kwa oyimira nyama, koma kuchokera pakuwona kwa chinyama.
Funso lomwe likuyenda m'bukuli ndi ili: Kodi nkhumba inganene chiyani ngati ikanakhala ndi mwayi wokonza njira ya chiwembu chomwe cholinga chake ndi kumasulidwa, kumasula nyama zonse?
Cholinga cha bukhuli ndikuti mutawerenga, palibenso kusiyana kulikonse pakati pa inu ndi nkhumba.
Ponena za mafilosofi akale, timakumbukira, choyamba, Peter Singer ndi Tom Regan. Koma pali zolakwika m’malingaliro awo.
Peter Singer ndi Animal Liberation.
Lingaliro la Peter Singer ndi chiwonetsero cha zowawa. Nkhani yofotokoza bwino za ululu wa nyama zophedwa m'malo ophera nyama. Pakatikati pa chiphunzitso cha Peter Singer ndi Pain. Pankhaniyi, tikukamba za Feeling-centrism. Ndipo popeza kuti ponse paŵiri nyama ndi anthu amamva ululu m’njira yofanana, ndiye, malinga ndi kunena kwa Singer, udindo wochititsa ululu uyenera kukhala wofanana.
Komabe, pulojekiti yomwe André Ford adapereka ikutsutsa malingaliro a Singer.
Andre Ford adapanga pulojekiti yotulutsa nkhuku zambiri popanda gawo la cerebral cortex lomwe limapangitsa kumva kuwawa. Ntchitoyi ilola kulera nkhuku 11 pa m3 m'malo mwa 3. Mafamu akuluakulu momwe nkhuku zikwizikwi zimayikidwa m'mafelemu ofukula ngati mu Matrix. Zakudya, madzi ndi mpweya zimaperekedwa kudzera m'machubu, nkhuku zilibe miyendo. Ndipo zonsezi zimapangidwira pazifukwa ziwiri, choyamba ndikukwaniritsa kufunikira kowonjezereka kwa nyama ndipo chachiwiri ndikupititsa patsogolo moyo wa nkhuku m'mafamu, pochotsa kumverera kwa ululu. Izi zikuwonetsa kulephera kwa chiphunzitso cha Singer. Kupatulapo ululu akadali sapereka ufulu kupha. Choncho, izi sizingakhale poyambira pa nkhani ya ubwino wa zinyama.
Tom Regan.
Tom Regan ndi mzati wina wa filosofi ya Ufulu wa Zinyama. Kudzoza kumbuyo kwa Animal Rights Movement.
Kulimbana kwawo kwakukulu ndi: kuthetsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinyama m’zoyesera zasayansi, kuthetsa kuŵeta nyama mochita kupanga, kugwiritsira ntchito nyama pochita zosangalatsa, ndi kusaka.
Koma mosiyana ndi Singer, filosofi yake imachokera ku mfundo yakuti zamoyo zonse zili ndi ufulu wofanana, makamaka: ufulu wa moyo, ufulu ndi kusachita chiwawa. Malinga ndi Regan, nyama zonse zoyamwitsa zopatsidwa nzeru ndi zinthu zamoyo choncho zili ndi ufulu wokhala ndi moyo. Ngati tipha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nyama, ndiye, malinga ndi Regan, pankhaniyi tiyenera kuganiziranso mfundo za ufulu wa moyo ndi chilango.
Koma ngakhale mu nzeru imeneyi timaona zophophonya. Choyamba, m'lingaliro la ontological, lingaliro la "Kulondola" silikuwonekera bwino. Chachiwiri, zamoyo zomwe sizinapatsidwe nzeru zimalandidwa ufulu wawo. Ndipo chachitatu, pali milandu yambiri yomwe imatsutsana ndi chiphunzitso cha Regan. Ndipo makamaka: munthu amene ali mu vegetative state, mu chikomokere, akhoza kulandidwa moyo wake.
Monga tikuonera, si zonse zomwe zili zosavuta. Ndipo ngati chigamulo chokhala wodya zamasamba, chozikidwa pa chiphunzitso cha Woyimba, chinali njira yabwino kwambiri yomenyera ufulu wa nyama, ndiye kuti zingakhale zachibadwa kwa okonda nyama kudzudzula onse omwe amadya nyama. Koma chofooka cha udindo umenewu n’chakuti n’kovuta kutsimikizira anthu zimene ayenera kuchita ndi zimene sayenera kuchita pamene zonse zimene amachita zili zolamulidwa, zotetezedwa ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi anthu ammudzi komanso mothandizidwa ndi malamulo mumzinda uliwonse padziko lapansili.
Vuto lina ndiloti kayendetsedwe kozikidwa pa kusintha kwa zakudya kumaika pangozi kubisa malo enieni ndi zolinga za kumasulidwa kwa nyama. Okhulupirira zinyama - kapena antispeciesists - sayenera kufotokozedwa ngati "omwe samadya kanthu", koma ngati onyamula lingaliro latsopano m'dziko lino. Kusuntha kwa antispeciesism kuyenera kuchititsa kuvomerezeka kwachikhalidwe ndi ndale, kuthekera kwa kukhalapo kwa anthu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito nyama, omasuka ku kupambana kwamuyaya kwa Homo sapiens. Ntchito iyi, chiyembekezo cha ubale watsopano womwe udzasinthiretu dera lathu, uyenera kuperekedwa osati kwa odya nyama, omwe ali ndi moyo watsopano, koma kwa odana ndi mitundu, onyamula nzeru zatsopano za moyo. Momwemonso, ndipo mwina chofunika kwambiri, ndi udindo wa kayendetsedwe ka zinyama kufuna kuyankhula kwa iwo omwe alibe mawu. Imfa iliyonse iyenera kukhala mu mtima wa aliyense.
Vulnerable antispeciesism
Chifukwa chiyani osatetezeka?
Chiwopsezo cha chiphunzitso changa chagona, choyamba, chifukwa sichathunthu, monga malingaliro a Singer ndi Regan, kutengera metaethics yeniyeni. Kachiwiri, chiwopsezo chagona mu mawu akuti: "Zinyama zimadza patsogolo."
Koma choyamba, tiyeni tione chimene kwenikweni Speciesism?
Wolemba mawuwa ndi Peter Singer, yemwe adalankhula za ukulu wa cholengedwa chimodzi kuposa ena, pankhaniyi, kupambana kwa anthu kuposa anthu omwe sianthu.
Matanthauzidwe ambiri adaperekedwa pambuyo pake, kuyambira Singer kupita ku Nibert. Zonse zabwino ndi zoipa. Nthawi zambiri, mitundu iwiri imaganiziridwa, kutengera momwe mbali ziwiri za antispeciesism zimapangidwira.
Natural - zikutanthauza kukonda mtundu umodzi, kuphatikiza Homo sapiens, kuposa zamoyo zina. Izi zingachititse kuti munthu atetezedwe ndi mtundu wake komanso kukana zamoyo zina. Ndipo mu nkhani iyi, tikhoza kulankhula za kukondera.
Zachilendo - kumatanthauza kuphwanya malamulo kwa anthu ndi anthu, kupha mabiliyoni a nyama pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Kupha chifukwa cha kafukufuku, zovala, chakudya, zosangalatsa. Pankhaniyi, tikhoza kulankhula za maganizo.
Kulimbana ndi "antispeciesism zachilengedwe" nthawi zambiri kumatha kulakwitsa mu kalembedwe ka Zamir, yemwe amavomereza kukhalapo kwa zonunkhira m'deralo komanso kulemekeza ufulu wa zinyama. Koma lingaliro la Speciesism silitha. (T. Zamir “Ethics and the Beast”). Kulimbana ndi "kusagwirizana ndi chilengedwe" kumadzetsa mikangano yafilosofi ndi ndale. Pamene kwenikweni mdani weniweni wa zinthu mbali zonse ndi lingaliro lenileni la Speciesism ndi Mwalamulo nkhanza kwa nyama! M’nkhani yolimbana ndi mitundu ina yosatetezeka, ndikutsindika mfundo izi: 1. Kumasulidwa kwa nyama ndi kusaloledwa kwa anthu. 2. Kusintha khalidwe la munthu aliyense ngati kusavomereza zenizeni zomwe zilipo malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha G. Thoreau (Henry David Thoreau) 3. Kukonzanso malamulo ndi ndondomeko ya msonkho. Misonkho isapitirirenso kuthandizira kupha nyama. 4. Kusuntha kwa antispeciesism sikungakhale ndi ogwirizana nawo ndale omwe amalingalira, choyamba, phindu la munthu payekha. Chifukwa: 5. Gulu lotsutsana ndi akatswiri limaika nyama patsogolo. Kutengera zolinga izi, munganene kuti gulu lodana ndi akatswiri silingathe kukhazikitsidwa. Ndipo tatsala ndi kusankha kwa njira ziwiri: a) Kutsatira njira yotsutsana ndi chikhalidwe kapena ndale, yomwe ikuwonetseratu kusinthidwa kwa chiphunzitsocho. b) Kapena pitirizani kukulitsa chiphunzitso cha antispeciesism osatetezeka, pozindikira kuti kulimbana kwathu sikungolimbana ndi anthu, komanso kulimbana kwa anthu chifukwa cha ufulu wa zinyama. Kulengeza kuti nkhope yamadzi ya nkhumba isanayambe kuphedwa ndiyofunika kwambiri kuposa maloto onse a anthu kuti agonjetse nyanja, mapiri ndi mapulaneti ena. Ndipo posankha njira b, tikukamba za kusintha kofunikira m'miyoyo yathu: 1. Kutengera lingaliro latsopano la mitundu. Kubwerezanso lingaliro la antispeciesism. 2. Kukwaniritsa kuti chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chidziwitso cha munthu aliyense, nyama zidzayikidwa patsogolo ndipo, koposa zonse, kumasulidwa kwawo. 3. Kuyenda kwa okonda zinyama ndiko, choyamba, kuyenda kwa odzipereka
Ndipo kutha kwa kulimbana sikuyenera kukhala kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo atsopano oletsa, koma kutha kwa lingaliro logwiritsa ntchito nyama pazifukwa zilizonse. Kulengeza kumasulidwa kwa nyama, nthawi zambiri zimanenedwa za zomwe munthu ayenera kudziletsa, zomwe ayenera kukana komanso zomwe ayenera kuzolowera. Koma nthawi zambiri “zizoloŵezi” zimenezi zimakhala zopanda nzeru. Zanenedwa kangapo kuti nyama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga chakudya, zovala, zosangalatsa, koma popanda izi munthu akhoza kukhala ndi moyo! Chifukwa chiyani palibe amene adayikapo chinyama pakati pa chiphunzitsocho, osalankhula za zovuta za munthu, koma kuyankhula, choyamba, za kutha kwa masautso ndi chiyambi cha moyo watsopano? Lingaliro la odana ndi mitundu yosatetezeka limati: "Nyama imabwera poyamba" ndi Bast!
Tikhoza kunena kuti antispeciesism ndi mtundu wa makhalidwe a nyama, osati makhalidwe mu lingaliro lake lonse, koma njira yapadera yokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha zinyama. Anthanthi ambiri amene ndakhala ndi mwayi wolankhula nawo m’zaka zaposachedwapa amanena kuti nthanthi za antispeciesism ndi mitundu ya zamoyo n’zogwedezeka kwambiri. Chifukwa tsankho silimathera pa ubale wa anthu ndi nyama, koma palinso anthu-anthu, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi ena. Koma izi zimangotsimikizira momwe tsankho losagwirizana ndi chilengedwe lirili, momwe siliri lachilengedwe ku chikhalidwe chathu. Koma palibe amene adanenapo kale, ngakhale Woyimba kapena afilosofi ena, kuti tsankho limadutsa ndipo likugwirizana, kuti kuunika kwakukulu kwa ntchito ya moyo wa munthu ndi nkhani yake ndikofunikira. Ndipo ngati lero mukundifunsa chifukwa chake filosofi ikufunika, osachepera filosofi ya makhalidwe abwino, sindikanatha kuyankha mosiyana: ndizofunika kuti amasule nyama iliyonse yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi munthu kuti apindule. Nkhumba sipanga kusintha, choncho tiyenera kupanga.
Ndipo ngati funso linabuka la chiwonongeko cha mtundu wa anthu, monga njira yosavuta yochotsera vutoli, ndingayankhe mosakayikira kuti "Ayi." Payenera kubwera kutha kwa lingaliro lolakwika lakuwona moyo ndi chiyambi cha watsopano, poyambira pomwe padzakhala "Nyama ndiyo yoyamba ya zonse.".
Pogwirizana ndi wolemba, nkhaniyi inakonzedwa ndi Julia Kuzmicheva