Ngozi yoopsa yochokera pansi pa nyanja
Masiku ano nsomba zakhudzidwa ndi mankhwala oopsa omwe amayambitsa khansa komanso kuwonongeka kwa ubongo. Komanso, mwazinthu zonse, nsomba ndizowopsa kwambiri potengera mabakiteriya a pathogenic. Kodi mukuganiza kuti nsomba ndi chakudya chathanzi? Ganizilaninso. Nsomba zimakhala m’madzi oipitsidwa kwambiri moti simungaganize n’komwe kumwa. Ndipo komabe mukudya chakudya chakupha cha mabakiteriya, poizoni, zitsulo zolemera, ndi zina zotero. Izi zimachitika nthawi iliyonse mukadya nsomba. Ofufuza a ku yunivesite ya Illinois adapeza kuti anthu omwe amadya nsomba komanso amakhala ndi ma polychlorinated biphenyls m'magazi awo amavutika kukumbukira zomwe adalandira mphindi 30 zapitazo. Thupi la nsomba limayamwa mankhwala oopsa a m'madzi, ndipo zinthu zimenezi zimachulukana kwambiri pamene zikukwera m'chimake. Nsomba zazikulu zimadya nsomba zing'onozing'ono, ndipo nsomba zazikulu (monga tuna ndi salmon) zimatenga mankhwala kuchokera ku nsomba zomwe zimadya. Nyama ya nsomba imasonkhanitsa zonyansa monga ma polychlorinated biphenyls omwe amawononga chiwindi, dongosolo lamanjenje ndi ziwalo zoberekera. Strontium-90 mu nsomba, komanso cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium ndi arsenic, zingayambitse kuwonongeka kwa impso, kusokonezeka maganizo, ndi khansa (1,2,3,4). Poizonizi amaunjikana m’mafuta a anthu ndipo amakhala mmenemo kwa zaka zambiri. Chakudya cham'nyanja ndichonso #1 chomwe chimayambitsa poizoni ku US.
Njira zambiri za m’madzi zaipitsidwa ndi ndowe za anthu ndi zinyama, ndipo zonyansa zimanyamula mabakiteriya oopsa monga E. coli. Choncho, tikamadya nsomba, timadziika pachiopsezo chotenga matenda opatsirana omwe angabweretse mavuto aakulu, kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha, ngakhale imfa.
Zakudya za m'nyanja ndi # 1 zomwe zimayambitsa poizoni ku US. Poyizoni wazakudya zam'nyanja angayambitse kudwala kwambiri, kuwonongeka kwa impso ndi dongosolo lamanjenje, ngakhale imfa. Malinga ndi lipoti la bungwe la General Accounting Office, ntchito ya usodzi sikuyenda bwino kwambiri. Bungwe la Food and Drug Administration nthawi zambiri siliyesa nsomba za mankhwala ambiri odziwika ndi mabakiteriya. Izi ndi mercury Chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa mafakitale, nsomba zimaunjikira mercury mu nyama yawo. Nsomba zimayamwa mercury, ndipo imayikidwa mu minofu yawo. Ngati mudya nsomba, thupi lanu limatenga mercury kuchokera ku nyama ya nsomba, ndipo kuchuluka kwa chinthu ichi kungayambitse matenda aakulu. Izo ziyenera kudziŵika kuti nsomba - iyi ndiyo njira yokhayo yomwe munthu angakhudzire poyizoni. Kudya nsomba ndi nyama zina zam'madzi ndiyo njira yokhayo yomwe anthu angakhudzire mercury. New England Journal of Medicine (2003) Ngakhale nsomba zazing'ono zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa mercury m'magazi. Kafukufuku wa bungwe la Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) adapeza kuti amayi omwe amadya nsomba kawiri pa sabata amakhala ndi mercury wambiri kuwirikiza kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa omwe sanadye nsomba mwezi watha. Kafukufuku wawonetsanso kuti ngati mkazi wolemera mapaundi 140 adya ma ounces 6 a tuna yoyera kamodzi pa sabata, ndiye kuti mulingo wa mercury m'magazi ake upitilira zomwe zimaloledwa. 30%. Mercury ndi poizoni. Mercury imadziwika kuti imayambitsa matenda oopsa mwa anthu, kuphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa ubongo, kukumbukira kukumbukira, kunjenjemera, kupititsa padera, ndi kuwonongeka kwa mwana. Mercury poyizoni chifukwa kudya nsomba kumapangitsanso kutopa ndi kukumbukira kukumbukira. Madokotala ena amachitcha kuti “chifunga cha nsomba”. Jane Hightower, dokotala wa ku San Francisco, atafufuza anapeza kuti odwala ake ambiri anali ndi mercury wochuluka m’matupi mwawo, ndipo ambiri anasonyeza zizindikiro za poizoni wa mercury, monga kuthothoka tsitsi, kutopa, kuvutika maganizo, kulephera kumvetsera, ndi mutu. Dokotalayo anapeza kuti odwalawo anali bwino atasiya kudya nsomba. Monga Hightower akunenera, "Mercury ndi poizoni wodziwika. Nthawi zonse pamakhala mavuto ndi iye, kulikonse komwe amakumana. Ofufuzawo adapezanso kuti mercury yomwe imapezeka mu nyama zam'madzi imatha kuyambitsa matenda amtima mwa anthu omwe amadya nsomba. Lipoti laposachedwapa lofalitsidwa ndi Research Institute of Public Health ku Finland linapeza kuti amuna amene achulukitsa mlingo wa mercury m’magazi chifukwa chodya nsomba ali ndi mwayi wokhoza kudwala matenda a mtima, kuphatikizapo matenda a mtima kuŵirikiza ka 1,5. kukomoka. nyama yapoizoni Mercury si chinthu chokhacho chowopsa mu nsomba. Anthu omwe amadya nsomba amapezanso ma polychlorinated biphenyl. Nsomba zazikulu zimadya nsomba zazing'ono, kotero kuti ma PCB ambiri m'matupi a nsomba zazikulu amakhala apamwamba. Anthu omwe amalandila ma polychlorinated biphenyls podya nsomba amakhala ndi vuto la ubongo, kusokonezeka kwa uchembere, komanso chiopsezo chotenga khansa. Nsomba zimatha kudziunjikira mankhwala ochuluka kwambiri mu nsomba ndi mafuta, kuwirikiza nthawi 9 miliyoni kuposa madzi omwe amakhalamo. Polychlorinated biphenyl ndi zinthu zopangira zomwe kale zidagwiritsidwa ntchito mumadzimadzi amadzimadzi ndi mafuta, muma capacitor amagetsi ndi ma transfoma. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kudaletsedwa ku US mu 1979, koma kugwiritsidwa ntchito kofala m'zaka zapitazi kwapangitsa kuti azipezeka paliponse, makamaka nsomba. Ma polychlorinated biphenyls ndi owopsa chifukwa amagwira ntchito ngati mahomoni, amawononga minyewa, ndipo amathandizira ku matenda angapo, kuphatikiza khansa, kusabereka, matenda ena obereka, ndi zina zambiri. Ofufuza a pa yunivesite ya Illinois anapeza kuti anthu omwe amadya nsomba komanso ali ndi ma PCB ambiri m'magazi awo amavutika kukumbukira zomwe analandira mphindi 30 zapitazo. Ma polychlorinated biphenyls amatengedwa ndi matupi a nsomba. Nsomba zazikulu zomwe zimadya nsomba zing'onozing'ono zimasonkhanitsa ma PCB ochuluka kwambiri mu nyama yake ndipo zimatha kufika nthawi masauzande ambiri kuposa ma PCB. Koma munthu sangaganize n’komwe za kumwa madzi amenewa! Dolphin wina wa botolo anali ndi mulingo wa PCB wa 2000 ppm, nthawi 40 kuposa malire ovomerezeka. Ku Eskimos, omwe zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi nsomba, kuchuluka kwa ma polychlorinated biphenyls mu minofu ya adipose ndi magawo 15,7 pa miliyoni. Izi zimaposa kwambiri malire (0,094 ppm). Pafupifupi ma Eskimos onse anali ndi ma polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) opitilira, ndipo ena anali okwera kwambiri kotero kuti mkaka wawo wa m'mawere ndi minyewa ya thupi lawo zitha kuonedwa ngati zinyalala zowopsa. Mu 2002, mayiko 38 ku United States anapereka malangizo okhudza kadyedwe ka nsomba, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma polychlorinated biphenyls. Ma PCB amakupangani opusa. Dr. Susan L. Schantz wa ku yunivesite ya Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine wakhala akufufuza anthu omwe amadya nsomba kuyambira 1992 ndipo anapeza kuti omwe amadya nsomba 24 kapena kuposerapo pachaka mapaundi a nsomba, ali ndi vuto la kukumbukira. Pa avereji, anthu padziko lonse lapansi amadya nsomba zolemera makilogalamu 40 pachaka.) Iye anapeza kuti anthu amene amadya nsomba amakhala ndi ma polychlorinated biphenyl ambiri m’magazi awo, ndipo chifukwa cha zimenezi, amavutika kukumbukira zimene analandira mphindi 30 zokha zapitazo. . "Akuluakulu apezeka kuti sakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zotsatira za PCBs kusiyana ndi kukula kwa ana osabadwa. Sizingakhale choncho.” M’kafukufuku wake, odya nsomba ambiri anali ndi milingo yambiri ya mtovu, mercury, ndi DDE (yopangidwa pamene DDT imasweka) m’mwazi wawo. Ngakhale mutovu wochulukirachulukira ungapangitse ana kusaumbika bwino ndi kudodometsa maganizo. Kuchulukirachulukira kungayambitse khunyu komanso imfa. Ndi kuswana m'mafakitale, nsomba zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri. Salmoni kuthengo ikukhala yosowa, motero 80% nsomba za salimoni, zomwe zimagulitsidwa ku America, zimachokera ku famu la nsomba. Nsomba zoweta zimapatsidwa nsomba zogwidwa kuthengo. Pamafunika kilogalamu imodzi ya nsomba zogwidwa kuthengo (zamoyo zonse zomwe siziyenera kudyedwa ndi anthu) kuti zikule nsomba zokwana mapaundi asanu m'mafamu. Nsomba zogwidwa ukapolo zimakhala ndi mafuta owirikiza kawiri kuposa anzawo akutchire, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafuta ambiri aunjikane. Kafukufuku wa salimoni wogulidwa ndi famu m'masitolo akuluakulu aku America awonetsa ma PCB ochulukirapo kuposa nsomba zogwidwa kuthengo. Kuonjezera apo, nsomba za salimoni zomwe zili mu ukapolo zimapakidwa utoto wa pinki kuti zikhale nsomba zogwidwa kuthengo. Mu 1, mlandu unaperekedwa ku Washington chifukwa utoto sunatchulidwe pa paketi ya salimoni. Asayansi akudandaula chifukwa utotokugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nsomba kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa retina. Bungwe la Environmental Task Force likuyerekeza kuti anthu 800000 ku United States ali pachiopsezo cha khansa ya moyo wawo wonse chifukwa chodya nsomba zaulimi. Nsomba ndi zowopsa kwa amayi ndi ana awo Azimayi apakati omwe amadya nsomba sizimawononga thanzi lawo okha, komanso thanzi la mwana wawo wosabadwa. Ma PCB, mercury ndi poizoni wina wopezeka mu nsomba amatha kupatsira ana kudzera mu mkaka wa mayi. Ofufuza a pa yunivesite ya Wayne State anapeza kuti “akazi amene amadya nsomba nthaŵi zonse, ngakhale zaka zambiri asanatenge mimba, anali ndi mwayi wobereka ana amene anali athanzi pobadwa, ozungulira mutu waung’ono, ndiponso amene anali ndi vuto la kukula.” Bungwe la Environmental Protection Agency linati ana 600000 omwe anabadwa m’chaka cha 2000 sakwanitsa komanso amavutika kuphunzira chifukwa amayi awo ankadya nsomba pa nthawi yoyembekezera komanso yoyamwitsa. Ngakhale mlingo wochepa wa mtovu m’mwazi wa amayi ukhoza kudwalitsa khandalo. Makamaka poyizoni wa mercury ndi wowopsa kwa mwana wosabadwayo, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa mtovu m'mwazi wa mwana wosabadwayo kumakhala kowopsa. 70 peresenti kuposa ya amayi. Izi mwina zimachitika chifukwa chakuti magazi a mwana wosabadwayo amaunjikana ndi mercury limodzi ndi mamolekyu ofunikira kuti akule. Bungwe la Environmental Protection Agency linati ana 600000 omwe anabadwa m’chaka cha 2000 sakwanitsa komanso amavutika kuphunzira chifukwa amayi awo ankadya nsomba pa nthawi yoyembekezera komanso yoyamwitsa. Azimayi amene amadya nsomba pa nthawi ya mimba angathenso kuwononga kwambiri ubongo wa mwanayo ndi dongosolo lamanjenje. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti ana obadwa kwa amayi omwe adadya nsomba zambiri pambuyo pake amayamba kulankhula, kuyenda, amakumbukira kwambiri komanso amakumbukira. "Ikhoza kutsitsa IQ ndi mfundo zochepa," akutero Dr. Michael Gochfeld, wapampando wa Mercury Task Force. "Zingathe kusokoneza kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake". Dr. Roberta F. White, wapampando wa chitetezo cha chilengedwe pa yunivesite ya Boston yemwenso ndi mkulu wa bungwe la Boston Environmental Research Center, ananena kuti ana amene amakumana ndi mercury asanabadwe amasonyeza zotsatira zoipitsitsa m’kuyesa kugwira ntchito kwa dongosolo lamanjenje. Nsomba yodyedwa ndi mayi imavulaza mwana wake mpaka kalekale Asayansi ku Harvard School of Public Health apeza kuti mercury yotengedwa kuchokera ku nsomba zam'madzi imatha kuwononga mtima ndikuwononga ubongo kwa ana, ponse pawiri komanso pakukula. "Ngati chinachake chichitika ku ubongo panthawi ya kukula ndi chitukuko, sipadzakhalanso mwayi wachiwiri," anatero wofufuza wamkulu Philippe Grandjean. Nsomba Zonse Ndi Zoopsa Malinga ndi bungwe la Natural Resources Defense Council, mmodzi mwa amayi asanu ndi mmodzi mwa amayi asanu ndi mmodzi alionse a msinkhu wobereka ku United States ali ndi mlingo wa mercury umene umaika mwana wake pangozi. Bungwe la Public Interest Research Group ndi Environmental Working Group likuchenjeza kuti amayi omwe amadya chitini chimodzi cha tuna mwezi uliwonse akhoza kulowetsa mercury m'matupi awo zomwe zingawononge ubongo umene ukukula wa mwana wosabadwayo. Bungwe la Public Interest Research Group ndi Environmental Working Group likuchenjeza kuti amayi apakati omwe amadya chitini chimodzi cha tuna pamwezi akhoza kukhala ndi mercury yomwe ingawononge ubongo wa mwana womwe ukukula . Nsomba za m’nyanja si zokhazo zimene zimawononga zinthu zoopsa Nsomba zogwidwa m’mitsinje ndi m’nyanja zathu zimaikanso pangozi thanzi la amayi apakati ndi ana awo. Ngakhale Conservative EPA yavomereza kuti oposa theka la nsomba zonse zam'madzi ku US zimakhala ndi chiopsezo kwa amayi a msinkhu wobereka ngati amadya kawiri pa sabata, ndipo magawo atatu mwa magawo atatu a nsomba ali ndi mercury yomwe imayambitsa chiopsezo kwa ana osakwana zaka zitatu. wa zaka. Ku Massachusetts, amayi apakati anachenjezedwa kuti asadye nsomba za m'madzi opanda mchere zomwe zimagwidwa m'deralo chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa mercury. Mu 2002, mayiko 43 adapereka machenjezo a nsomba za m'madzi opanda mchere ndi zoletsa zomwe zimakhudza 30% ya nyanja za dzikolo ndi 13% ya mitsinje. Pofuna kuthana ndi chiwopsezo chomwe chikukula, bungwe la Food and Drug Administration ndi Environmental Protection Agency limalimbikitsa kuti amayi a msinkhu wobereka komanso ana aang'ono asadye mitundu ina ya nsomba zomwe zimakhala ndi mtovu wambiri. Koma mercury amapezeka mu nsomba zonse, ndipo popeza mercury ndi poizoni, n'chifukwa chiyani tifunika kumeza chinthu chomwe chimayambitsa matenda oopsa kwambiri? Nsomba zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi khansa ya m'mawere ndi kusabereka Kudya nsomba zakhala zikugwirizana ndi kusabereka komanso kuopsa kwa khansa ya m'mawere. Mayi aliyense amene amadya ngakhale pang'ono nsomba zoyipitsidwa ali ndi mavuto ambiri kutenga pakati. Asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Wisconsin-Madison apeza kuti amayi omwe amadya nsomba zam'madzi amakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha khansa ya m'mawere. Kafukufuku wofanana ndi ofufuza aku Danish adapezanso kugwirizana pakati pa kudya nsomba ndi khansa ya m'mawere. Kutsiliza: amayi odwala ndi ana odwala Nsomba ndizowopsa kwa amayi ndi ana, ndipo timakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu chakudya chathu chikakhala ndi timitengo kapena supu ya nsomba. Njira yokhayo yopulumutsira banja lanu ndi inu nokha sikuyika nsomba pa mbale yanu, koma kuzisiya m'nyanja. Poyizoni wa Chakudya Malinga ndi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, ku United States pali anthu 75 miliyoni akupha chakudya chakupha chaka chilichonse, ndipo anthu masauzande ambiri amagonekedwa m'chipatala ndipo masauzande amamwalira. Ndipo nambala 1 yomwe imayambitsa poizoni ndi nsomba zam'madzi. Zizindikiro za poizoni wa m'nyanja zam'madzi zimayambira ku matenda pang'ono mpaka kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo lamanjenje komanso imfa. Zakudya zam'nyanja zimathanso kukhala zapoizoni chifukwa zimakhala ndi ma virus ndi mabakiteriya monga salmonella, listeria ndi E. coli. Pamene Consumer Reports inayang'ana kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya mu nsomba zatsopano zomwe zagulidwa m'masitolo akuluakulu kuzungulira dzikolo, anapeza kuti 3-8 peresenti ya zitsanzozo zinali ndi mabakiteriya a E. coli kuposa malire ovomerezeka. Anthu ambiri amamwa poizoni ndi nsomba zam'madzi ndipo sadziwa zomwe zidachitika, amalakwitsa poyizoni ngati "chimfine cha m'mimba". Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kusanza, kutsekula m'mimba, kupweteka kwa m'mimba, zizindikiro zofanana ndi "chimfine cha m'mimba". Ngati sichitsatiridwa, kupha chakudya kungathe kupha. Ana, okalamba, amayi apakati komanso anthu omwe ali ndi chitetezo chamthupi chofooka amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi izi. Popeza nsomba ndizomwe zimawononga kwambiri chakudya, munthu amatha kudwala akamadya. Zakudya za m'nyanja ndizomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa chakudya. Anthu opitilira 100000 amadwala chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha chakudyachi, ambiri amafa, ngakhale kuti imfa yawo ikanapewedwa. Caroline Smith De Waal, Center for Science in the Public Interest Food Safety Director. Food and Drug Administration: Boma silinena chilichonse chomwe chingakupwetekeni Bungwe la Food and Drug Administration sililetsa ngakhale nsomba zoipitsidwa kwambiri kulowa m’masitolo, ndiponso silifuna kuti machenjezo azilembedwa pa nsomba. Ndipo izi ngakhale kuti Bungwe lokha limazindikira kuti amayi apakati sayenera kudya. Choncho, zimakhala zovuta kuti ogula adziwe za ngoziyo. Malinga ndi lipoti la bungwe la General Accounting Office, ntchito ya usodzi sikuyenda bwino kwambiri. A FDA amayang'ana opanga nsomba miyezi iwiri iliyonse, opanga ambiri samafufuzidwa konse chifukwa sakuyenera kulembetsa ku Food and Drug Administration. 1-3 peresenti yokha ya nsomba zomwe zimatumizidwa kuchokera kumayiko ena zimafufuzidwa kumalire. M'magulu ambiri a nsomba, kuphatikizapo malo osungiramo zinthu, palibe ulamuliro uliwonse. Ndipo ngati mayesero achitika, amakondera chifukwa bungwe la Food and Drug Administration siliyesa nsomba pa zizindikiro zambiri zodziwika zomwe zimakhala zoopsa, kuphatikizapo poizoni wa mercury. Malinga ndi kunena kwa Carolyn Smith De Waal, mkulu wa Food Safety Science Center, “Programme ya FDA ya nsomba ndi yolakwika, siilandira ndalama zokwanira, ndipo si yabwino kwa ogula.” Kodi iwo ali mbali ya ndani? Ngakhale kuti kuopsa kodyedwa kwa nsomba n’kodziŵika bwino, akuluakulu a boma akupitiriza kuika zofuna za oweta nsomba patsogolo pa thanzi la anthu. Bungwe la Environmental Working Group lati bungwe la Food and Drug Administration lasintha malingaliro ake pankhani yochepetsa nsomba za tuna. Atapanikizidwa ndi ntchito ya usodzi. M'modzi mwa akatswiri apamwamba a FDA adasiya ntchito pochita ziwonetsero atamva kuti a FDA adasankha kunyalanyaza sayansi komanso kuchenjeza ogula za kuopsa kwa tuna. Vas Aposhian, katswiri wa poizoni ku yunivesite ya Arizona, akuti boma liyenera kukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima pa nsomba zamzitini. "Malangizo atsopanowa ndi owopsa kwa 99 peresenti ya amayi apakati ndi ana awo osabadwa," adatero. Ndikuganiza kuti tiyenera kuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi thanzi la ana amtsogolo a dziko lathu kuposa makampani a tuna.” Vas Aposhian, katswiri wa zapoizoni wa pa yunivesite ya Arizona, akunena kuti boma liyenera kukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima okhudza nsomba ya nsomba zam’chitini ndipo ananena kuti: “Malangizo atsopanowa ndi oopsa kwa 99 peresenti ya amayi apakati ndi makanda awo osabadwa.” Animal Rights Center "Vita"