Mwa mitundu ingapo ya khofi, Arabica ndiyomwe imayamikiridwa kwambiri - chakumwa chonunkhira chokhala ndi kukoma kobiriwira komanso zolemba zabwino zowawasa. Arabica imabzalidwa m'mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi, koma khofi ya ku Brazil, Javanese, ndi Indian imatengedwa kuti ndi yabwino kwambiri. Wopanga aliyense ali ndi zinsinsi zake komanso zodziwika bwino popanga chakumwa ichi, koma kwenikweni, njira yopangira khofi ndi yofanana.
Khofi ndi chakumwa chonunkhira chopangidwa kuchokera ku nyemba zokazinga za chomera, kapena kuti, mtengo wamtundu wa khofi. Mtundu uwu umagawidwa m'mitundu ingapo, iliyonse yomwe imapanga mbewu zokhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, kukoma ndi mikhalidwe ina, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mitundu ya khofi ndi yosiyana. Khofi wabwino kwambiri amatengedwa kuti ndi chakumwa chopangidwa kuchokera ku nyemba za Arabica - mtengo wotchedwa Arabica coffee, khofi wa Robusta ndiwotchukanso.
Chifukwa chokhala ndi caffeine wambiri, khofi amaonedwa kuti ndi chakumwa chovulaza, koma ngati simumwa kapu imodzi patsiku, kuwonongeka kwake kumakhala kochepa. Komanso, chakumwa chachilengedwe chokonzedwa motsatira malamulo onse ndipo mulibe zowonjezera zowonjezera ndizopindulitsa pang'ono: ndizoteteza bwino matenda a shuga, sclerosis ndi cirrhosis. Khofi wobiriwira amaganiziridwa kuti amawotcha zopatsa mphamvu, zomwe zingakuthandizeni kuchepetsa thupi.
Mitundu ndi mitundu ya khofi
Msika wambiri wa khofi wapadziko lonse lapansi umagwera pamitundu yayikulu: arabica ndi robusta. Mtengo wa Arabica ndi wosakhwima komanso wodabwitsa, umamera m'mapiri pamtunda wa mamita 900 pamwamba pa nyanja, koma m'madera otentha. Kukula Arabica kumafuna nthaka yachonde yonyowa bwino komanso kusamalidwa koyenera, koma ngakhale ndi malamulo onse, khofi wamtundu uwu ndi wokhumudwa kwambiri ndipo ukhoza kukhala ndi matenda. Komabe, Arabica ndi mtundu wa khofi wofala kwambiri komanso wogulitsidwa kwambiri, womwe umapanga 70 peresenti ya chakumwa ichi padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa chake ndi mtundu wapamwamba wa njere za mtengo uwu, komwe kumapezeka khofi wonunkhira komanso wokoma kwambiri. Imasiyanitsidwa ndi kukoma kwake kokoma ndi wowawasa, thovu la mtedza wambiri, kufatsa komanso kutsika kwa caffeine.
Robusta imapanga khofi wocheperapo pang'ono 30 peresenti, mtundu uwu ndi wochepa kwambiri, sumva bwino ku tizirombo, ndipo umakula mpaka mamita 600 pamwamba pa nyanja, komanso m'madera otentha. Ponena za kununkhira, robusta imakhala yosayengedwa bwino, koma pali caffeine yambiri mu chakumwa choterocho, choncho khofi ya robusta imalimbikitsa bwino, kuphatikizapo, chifukwa cha zokolola zambiri, mtundu uwu ndi wotsika mtengo.
Palinso mitundu ina ya khofi, mwachitsanzo, Liberica, koma nyemba zake ndizochepa kwambiri ndipo sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakumwa. Mapaketi ambiri a khofi omwe amagulitsidwa amakhala ndi zosakaniza za Arabica ndi Robusta - zikaphatikizidwa, zimapatsa chakumwa fungo lokoma komanso mphamvu zokwanira.
Koma kukoma kwa khofi kumatsimikiziridwa osati ndi mtundu, komanso ndi zosiyanasiyana, komanso zinthu zina: nthaka zikuchokera, mvula, chiwerengero cha masiku dzuwa, kutentha kumene zomera anakulira. Zotsatira zake, mitundu yambiri yawoneka yomwe imapangidwa m'maiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi: awa ndi khofi waku Brazil, Vietnamese, Hawaii, Venezuelan, Indian. Zabwino kwambiri mwamwambo zimatengedwa kuti ndi zakumwa zochokera ku Brazil, zomwe ndi mtsogoleri wapadziko lonse pakupanga khofi, komanso khofi waku Kenya, Javanese ndi India.
Koma m'malo mwake, mtundu wabwino kwambiri wa khofi ndi lingaliro lokhazikika: wina amakonda kukoma kwa chokoleti chokoma ndi zopatsa zipatso za khofi waku Guatemalan, wina amakonda kununkhira kwamitundu yaku Venezuela.
Sikuti kukula kokha ndi maonekedwe abwino ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya khofi zomwe zimapanga chakumwa chokoma. Ndikofunikiranso kukolola bwino, kuumitsa, kuwotcha ndi kukonza mbewu zogulitsa. Mayiko ambiri ndi mafakitale opanga khofi ali ndi zinsinsi zawo, koma kawirikawiri njira yopangira nyemba imadziwika bwino.
Poyamba, mtengo wa khofi umamera m'minda, yomwe ndi chitsamba chachikulu. Kuti zikhale zosavuta kusonkhanitsa mbewu, zimadulidwa mpaka mita imodzi ndi theka. Panthawi yokolola, khalidwe la nyemba silimaperekedwa - amasankha zipatso zoyenera khofi pambuyo pake. Kenako zipatso za khofi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi zamkati kotero kuti patsala nyemba imodzi yokha. Opanga ena amagwiritsa ntchito njira "yonyowa" pa izi, kutsuka khofi, ena amachita njira yopepuka "youma", pomwe zipatso zimawuma padzuwa kwa mwezi umodzi, ndiyeno chipolopolo chouma chimachotsedwa pamakina apadera. Njira "yonyowa" imalola khofi kutsukidwa mwamsanga pambuyo pokolola, pambuyo pake imawumanso padzuwa.
Kofi amapangidwa nthawi yomweyo bwanji
Mukachotsa mbewu zonse zosafunikira, muyenera kuzikonza mosamala, kuyang'ana ndikusankha zabwino kwambiri. Iyi ndiye gawo lofunikira komanso lofunikira kwambiri pakukoma kwa khofi, lomwe liyenera kuchitidwa pamanja. Ngakhale pali matekinoloje ambiri amakono omwe alipo masiku ano, bulkhead yokha yamanja ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukwaniritsa khofi wapamwamba kwambiri. Ogwira ntchito mosamala komanso odziwa zambiri amachotsa mbewu zoipa - nkhungu, zakuda, zowawasa ndi zina.
Nyemba zotsika kwambiri zimadziwika ndi kukoma, maonekedwe, fungo, choncho, kukoma ndi khalidwe la khofi zimatengera luso ndi zochitika za ogwira ntchito.
Nyemba za khofi zobiriwira zimatengedwa kuchokera kuminda kupita ku mafakitale komwe zimakawotchedwa. Makampani osiyanasiyana ali ndi zinsinsi zosiyana zowotcha, monga kutentha ndi zina zimakhudza kukoma kwa zakumwa. Kuwotcha pang'ono kumapangitsa kuti khofiyo ikhale yofatsa komanso yosakhwima, pamene kuwotcha kolimba kumapangitsa khofi kukhala wowawa pang'ono ndi wowawasa. Gulu lakuda kwambiri limatchedwa Chitaliyana ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga espresso.
Kenako, nyembazo zimapakidwa ndi kutumizidwa kukagulitsidwa, kapena amapitiriza kupanga khofi wosalala. Koma odziwa zakumwa za khofi amalimbikitsa kugula nyemba za khofi zokha ndikuzipera nokha - khofi yotereyi ndi yapamwamba komanso yonunkhira, ndipo khofi yapansi imataya msanga fungo lake ndi gawo la kukoma kwake. Kofi ya granular nthawi yomweyo sichidziwika ndi okonda kwenikweni chakumwa ichi. Zonunkhira ndi zinthu zina siziwonjezedwa ku khofi wabwino.