Takonzedwa kuti tipeze zotsatira zamtendere za mikangano

"Pambuyo pa nkhondo iliyonse yowononga, anthu amalumbira okha: izi sizidzachitikanso. Komabe, mikangano yankhondo ndi mikangano imakhalabe mbali yathu. Kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti kufuna kumenya nkhondo ndi chosowa chathu chamoyo? Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1960, katswiri wa za chikhalidwe cha anthu Konrad Lorenz anafika pozindikira kuti chiwawa ndi chikhalidwe chathu. Mosiyana ndi nyama zina, anthu poyamba analibe njira zodziwikiratu (monga zikhadabo kapena mano) zowonetsera mphamvu zawo. Anayenera kumakangana nthawi zonse ndi adani ake kuti akhale ndi ufulu wotsogolera. Aggression as a biological mechanism, malinga ndi Lorenz, inayala maziko a dongosolo lonse la chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Koma Lorenz akuwoneka kuti akulakwitsa. Masiku ano n'zoonekeratu kuti pali njira yachiwiri yomwe imayang'anira khalidwe lathu - kufufuza zosagwirizana. Zimagwiranso ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu ubale wathu ndi anthu ena monga momwe chiwawa chimachitira. Izi, makamaka, zikuwonetsedwa ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa wokhudza machitidwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu opangidwa ndi anthropologists Douglas Fry ndi Patrik Söderberg *. Choncho, anyani akuluakulu aang'ono nthawi zambiri amakangana ndi omwe ndi osavuta kuyanjana nawo pambuyo pake. Anapanga miyambo yapadera yoyanjanitsa, yomwe ilinso khalidwe la anthu. Mbalame za bulauni zimakumbatirana monga chizindikiro cha ubwenzi, anyani amakonda kupsompsona, ndipo bonobos (anyani omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi anthu) amaonedwa kuti ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yobwezeretsanso maubwenzi ... kugonana. M'madera ambiri a anyani apamwamba pali "bwalo lamilandu" - "ogwirizanitsa" apadera omwe mikangano imatembenukira kuti ithandizidwe. Komanso, njira zabwino zobwezeretsera ubale pambuyo pa mkangano, zimakhala zosavuta kuyambitsanso ndewu. Pamapeto pake, kuzungulira kwa ndewu ndi kuyanjanitsa kumangowonjezera mgwirizano wa gulu.

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Njirazi zimagwiranso ntchito m'dziko la anthu. Ndagwira ntchito kwambiri ndi mtundu wa Hadza ku Tanzania. Ndi magulu ena a osaka-osaka, sakangana, koma amatha kulimbana ndi anansi aukali (abusa). Iwo eniwo sanawukire poyamba ndipo sanakonzekere kulanda katundu ndi akazi ochokera m'magulu ena. Mikangano pakati pa magulu imabwera pokhapokha ngati zipangizo zili zochepa ndipo ndikofunikira kumenyera nkhondo kuti apulumuke.

Chiwawa ndi kufunafuna kusagwirizana ndi njira ziwiri zapadziko lonse zomwe zimatsimikizira khalidwe la anthu, zimakhalapo mu chikhalidwe chilichonse. Komanso, timasonyeza kukhoza kuthetsa mikangano kuyambira ali mwana. Ana sadziŵa kukhala m’mikangano kwa nthaŵi yaitali, ndipo wolakwayo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala woyamba kupita kudziko. Mwina, mkangano uli mkati, tiyenera kuganizira zimene tikanachita tikanakhala ana.”

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* Sayansi, 2013, vol. 341.