Kodi gestalt mu psychology ndi chiyani ndipo chifukwa chiyani muyenera kutseka?

Kodi njira yodziwika bwino pa psychology Gestalt therapy ndi iti? Za njira zake, zotsatira za ma gestals osakwanira mu maubwenzi ndi ubwino wa ma gestalt otsekedwa.

Background

Gestalt therapy ndi njira yodziwika bwino yamaganizidwe, zomwe zidayamba mu 1912. Gestalt kwenikweni ndi "mawonekedwe" kapena "chiwerengero" mu Chijeremani. Lingaliro lokhalo linayambitsidwa ndi wafilosofi wa ku Austria ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo Christian von Ehrenfels mu 1890 m'nkhani yake "Pa Quality of Form". Mmenemo, adaumirira kuti munthu sangathe kukhudzana ndi zinthu zakuthupi mwachindunji: timaziwona mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu (makamaka masomphenya) ndikuziyeretsa mu chidziwitso. 

Wasayansi sanachite nawo chitukuko chowonjezereka cha chiphunzitsocho, ndipo lingaliro la Gestalt linatengedwa ndi akatswiri atatu a zamaganizo achijeremani oyesera - Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Keller ndi Kurt Koffka. Anaphunzira za maonekedwe a munthu ndipo anadzifunsa funso lakuti: Kodi nchifukwa ninji munthu amasankha chinthu chachindunji, “chake” pa zochitika ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana? Choncho anabadwa malangizo Gestalt maganizo, mfundo yaikulu imene ndi umphumphu!

Ngakhale kuti aliyense ankakonda njira yatsopanoyi, chifukwa cha ndale, sizinayambe. Awiri mwa akatswiri a zamaganizo omwe anayambitsa, Ayuda ndi chiyambi, anakakamizika kusamuka kuchokera ku Germany kupita ku United States mu 1933. Panthawiyo, khalidwe la khalidwe linkalamulira ku America (kuphunzira ndi kusintha kwa khalidwe laumunthu ndi zinyama kudzera muzolimbikitsa: mphotho ndi zilango. - Forbes Life), ndipo Gestalt psychology sinakhazikike.

Akatswiri ena a zamaganizo anabwerera ku lingaliro la Gestalt - Frederick Perls (wotchedwanso Fritz Perls), Paul Goodman ndi Ralph Hefferlin. Mu 1957 adasindikiza Gestalt Therapy, Arousal and Growth of the Human Personality. Ntchito yaikuluyi inali chiyambi cha chitukuko chenicheni cha mayendedwe.

Kodi ma gestalt amachokera kuti?

Tiyeni tibwerere ku Gestalt psychology. Idawonekera mu 1912, munthawi yomwe njira zama neuroscience zamakono zidalibe. Chifukwa chake, kuti mumvetsetse chomwe gestalt ndi chikhalidwe chake, zinali zotheka kokha mwamalingaliro. Komabe, chiphunzitso cha Gestalt chinali chofala kwambiri pamaphunziro a kuzindikira m'zaka zonse zoyambirira za zana la 20.

Kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, akatswiri a neurophysiologist David Hubel ndi Thorsten Wiesel adayamba kujambula ma neuron pagulu la amphaka ndi anyani. Zinapezeka kuti neuron iliyonse imayankha mosamalitsa ku chinthu china cha chithunzicho: mbali ya kuzungulira ndi kulunjika, komwe kumayendera. Amatchedwa "zowunikira": zowunikira mzere, zowunikira m'mphepete. Ntchitoyi inayenda bwino kwambiri, ndipo Hubel ndi Wiesel anapatsidwa Mphotho ya Nobel chifukwa cha iwo. Pambuyo pake, kale pakuyesa kwa anthu, ma neuron adapezeka omwe amayankha zovuta kwambiri - zowunikira nkhope komanso nkhope zenizeni (zodziwika bwino "Jennifer Aniston neuron").

Chifukwa chake lingaliro la Gestalt lidasinthidwa ndi njira yowongolera. Chilichonse chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe, chilichonse chomwe chimakhala ndi gulu lake la ma neuron. M'lingaliro ili, chithunzi chonse chomwe Gestaltists adalankhula ndikungoyambitsa ma neuroni apamwamba kwambiri.

Koma sikuti zonse zinali zosavuta. Zoyeserera zaposachedwa zawonetsa kuti nthawi zambiri timamvetsetsa chithunzi chonse kale kwambiri kusiyana ndi zinthu zamtundu uliwonse. Ngati musonyezedwa chithunzi choyamba cha njinga kwa kachigawo kakang'ono ka sekondi, ndiye kuti mudzanena molimba mtima kuti munawona njinga, koma simungathe kunena ngati inali ndi zopondaponda. Zomalizazo zinalankhula za kukhalapo kwa zotsatira za gestalt. Izi zidatsutsana ndi lingaliro la kuchuluka kwa ma neuron omwe amazindikira zizindikiro kuyambira zosavuta mpaka zovuta kwambiri.

Monga yankho, chiphunzitso chaulamuliro wosinthika chinawuka - tikayang'ana china chake, ma neuron omwe ali ndi chithunzi chachikulu amachita mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo omwe amazindikira tsatanetsatane amakokedwa kumbuyo kwawo. Njira iyi inali pafupi ndi lingaliro la Gestalt, komabe idasiya mafunso. Mwachidziwitso, pali zosankha zambiri zomwe zingawonekere pamaso pathu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ubongo umawonekeratu kuti umadziwiratu ma neuroni omwe angayambe kugwira ntchito.

Izi “pasadakhale” ndiye mfungulo yomvetsetsa manja. Tikukamba za imodzi mwa malingaliro opambana kwambiri pakumvetsetsa ntchito ya ubongo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 ndi 21 - zolemba zolosera. Ubongo sumangozindikira ndi kukonza zinthu kuchokera kunja. M'malo mwake, amalosera zomwe zikuchitika "kunja" ndikufanizira ulosiwu ndi zenizeni. Kulosera ndi pamene ma neuroni apamwamba amatumiza zizindikiro ku ma neuroni otsika. Iwo, nawonso, amalandira zizindikiro kuchokera kunja, kuchokera ku zomverera, ndikuzitumiza "m'mwamba", ndikuwuza kuchuluka kwa maulosiwo kusiyana ndi zenizeni.

Ntchito yayikulu ya ubongo ndikuchepetsa cholakwika pakulosera zenizeni. Izi zikachitika, gestalt imachitika.

Gestalt ndi chochitika, osati chinachake chokhazikika. Tangoganizani kuti ma neuroni "apamwamba" amakumana ndi ma neurons "otsika" ndikuvomereza zomwe zili zenizeni pamalo operekedwa panthawi inayake. Atagwirizana, anagwirana chanza. Kugwirana chanza uku ndikutalika ma milliseconds mazana angapo ndipo kudzakhala gestalt.

Ubongo sungasinthe zolosera. Anganyalanyazenso zenizeni. Kumbukirani chithandizo cha Gestalt ndi zosowa: zitha kukhalapo pamlingo wakale kwambiri. Kalekale, kuzindikira chinthu kunkatanthauza kuona chilombo panthaŵi yake koma osadyedwa, kapena kupeza chodyera osati kufa ndi njala. M’zochitika zonsezi, cholinga chake ndi kuzoloŵerana ndi zenizeni, osati kuzifotokoza mwatsatanetsatane.

Chitsanzo cholosera ndi chitsanzo chopambana cha Gestalt psychology

Ngati chitsanzo cholosera chikugwira ntchito, chamoyocho chimalandira chilimbikitso chabwino. Chifukwa chake, pali zochitika ziwiri zomwe gestalt imatha kuchitika:

• Ulosiwu ndi wolondola - timakhala ndi chithunzi chonse mwadzidzidzi, pali zotsatira za "aha". Izi zimalimbikitsidwa ndi kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine. Mukazindikira nkhope yodziwika bwino pagulu la anthu kapena pomaliza kumvetsetsa zomwe simunamvetsetse kwa nthawi yayitali - izi ndiye zotsatira za "aha". Pa izo zimamangidwa luso lomwe nthawi zonse limaphwanya zomwe tikuyembekezera.
• Ulosiwu udakali womwewo - ife, titero, timangowona zinthu zongoganizira, makona atatu omwewo. Palinso zomveka mu izi - ubongo sugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowonjezera kukonza chitsanzo cha dziko lapansi. Izi zawonetsedwa muzoyesera. Zotsatira za Gestalt zidagwirizana ndi kuchepa kwa zochitika m'malo ofananirako a cortex yowonekera.

Zithunzi zomwe zikuwonetsa zotsatira za gestalt, monga zina zambiri zowonera, gwiritsani ntchito makinawa. Iwo amakhala ngati kuthyolako kaonedwe kathu kachitidwe. "Rubin Vase" kapena "Necker Cube" imakakamiza ubongo kukonza maulosi nthawi zonse ndikuyambitsa "aha-effects". Makona atatu ongoganizira, ma voliyumu, malingaliro, m'malo mwake, amakhala ozama kwambiri m'malingaliro ndipo adagwira ntchito bwino m'mbuyomu kotero kuti ubongo umakonda kudalira iwo osati zenizeni.

Lingaliro la Gestalt limatsegula zenera mu kapangidwe ka malingaliro athu. Kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa mu kafukufuku waubongo kukuwonetsa kuti dziko la aliyense wa ife ndi mtundu wa kuyerekezera kolamulidwa. Sikofunikira kwambiri ngati "mapu athu amkati" amkati akugwirizana ndi gawo la zenizeni, ngati imatilola kukwaniritsa zosowa zonse. Ngati sichilola, ubongo umapanga kusintha kofunikira.

Katswiri wa sayansi Anil Seth amalankhula za zomwe zimatchedwa "kuwoneratu motsogozedwa"

Ma gestalt amatuluka pamalire a kulumikizana pakati pa mtundu wathu wadziko lapansi ndi zenizeni. Zimathandizira kuzindikira dziko mu umphumphu wake.

Thandizo la Gestalt limalankhulanso za malingaliro ofunikira a zenizeni komanso malire okhudzana ndi dziko lapansi. Koma mosiyana ndi Gestalt psychology, sizokhudza malingaliro a makona atatu kapena nkhope, koma za zochitika zovuta kwambiri - khalidwe, zosowa ndi mavuto ndi kukhutira kwawo. Chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa pa kafukufuku waubongo ndi mitundu yaukadaulo yowerengera, tikumvetsetsa bwino momwe ma gestalt amapangidwira.

Pali mwayi kuti m'tsogolomu izi zidzathandiza anthu kuthetsa mavuto omwe ali ofunika kwambiri kwa iwo ndikutseka ma gestalt akale.

Gestalt ndi chiyani

"Gestalt ndi mtundu wa dongosolo lonse, fano lopangidwa ndi zigawo zambiri, zizindikiro, kuphatikizapo chithunzi chimodzi," akutero katswiri wa zamaganizo, gestalt Therapist ndi mphunzitsi Olga Lesnitskaya. Akufotokoza kuti chitsanzo chabwino cha gestalt ndi nyimbo yomwe imatha kusinthidwa kukhala makiyi osiyanasiyana, zomwe zidzachititsa kuti zolemba zonse zisinthe, koma simudzasiya kuzindikira - dongosolo lonse lidzakhalabe lofanana. Pamene nyimbo ikuimbidwa, womvera amakhala ndi kumverera kwathunthu, kukhulupirika kwa mawonekedwe. Ndipo ngati woimbayo amaliza sewero lake pa penultimate, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yopambana, ndiye kuti womvera amakhala ndi kumverera kosakwanira, kuyimitsidwa ndi kuyembekezera. "Ichi ndi chitsanzo cha gestalt yosamalizidwa, yosatsekedwa," akutsindika katswiriyo. 

Chitsanzo cha gestalt yosakwanira ndi ntchito yomwe munthu wakhala akukonzekera kwa nthawi yaitali, koma sanayese kutuluka ndi kudziwonetsera yekha.

Ngati tisintha fanizo ili lanyimbo kumoyo, zochitika ndi zochitika nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa gestalts: zotsekedwa zotsekedwa zimayambitsa kumverera kwachisangalalo, zomwe pambuyo pake zimamasula chidwi ndi mphamvu zatsopano; osatsekedwa - pitirizani kukhala ndi malo m'maganizo, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamatsenga. 

Choncho, njira iliyonse yosadziwika, chikhumbo, cholinga, chinachake chomwe sichinathe mwa njira yofunidwa ndipo sichinapangitse zochitika zofanana, zimatchedwa gestalt yosatsekedwa ndi akatswiri a maganizo mu njira ya Gestalt. "Ngati chidziwitsocho chinali champhamvu, ndiye kuti m'kupita kwa nthawi, chitetezo chamaganizo cha munthuyo chimapondereza ndikumukakamiza kunja, kuopsa kwa zochitikazo kumachepa, munthuyo sangakumbukire ngakhale zochitika," akufotokoza Lesnitskaya. Chitsanzo cha gestalt yosamalizidwa ndi ntchito yomwe munthu wakhala akukonzekera kwa nthawi yaitali, koma sanayese kutuluka ndi kudziwonetsera yekha. Kapena maubwenzi olephera omwe angakhalepo ngati munthu wasankha kunena mawu achikondi. "Komanso, mwachitsanzo, kungakhale chipongwe kwa makolo pazochitika zina, zomwe tsopano zikuwoneka kuti zayiwalika, koma panthawiyo zidakhala poyambira kukulitsa mtunda.

Zonse ndi zodabwitsa kwambiri kuposa zigawo zake

Pali chithunzi patsogolo panu. Ngati mulibe vuto la minyewa kapena zowonera, ndiye kuti mukuwona njinga. Ndi njinga ngati chinthu chonsecho, osati mbali zake zosiyana. Akatswiri a zamaganizo amati ubongo umakonda kupanga chithunzi chonse -

Gestalt

.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, gulu la akatswiri a maganizo oyesera - Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler ndi Kurt Koffka - adaphunzira mbali za malingaliro aumunthu. Anali ndi chidwi ndi momwe timakwanitsira kuzindikira dziko lomwe likuwoneka ngati lachisokonezo, lolimbikitsa komanso losayembekezereka. Zotsatira za ntchito yawo zinali njira yatsopano - Gestalt psychology.

"Gestalt" amatanthawuza kwenikweni kuchokera ku Chijeremani ngati "mawonekedwe" kapena "chiwerengero". Mu Russian zimamveka ngati "umphumphu". Timamva, kunena, nyimbo ndendende ngati nyimbo, osati monga phokoso lapadera. Mfundo imeneyi - imatchedwa holism - ndi yofunika kwambiri pa Gestalt psychology. Monga Kurt Koffka adalemba, zonse zomwe zidapangidwa ndi malingaliro athu ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa magawo ake. Osati zochulukirapo, koma mosiyanasiyana.

Kuchokera muunyinji wonse wa ma siginali, malingaliro athu amasankha chithunzi china, ndipo ena onse amakhala maziko ake. Ndithudi mwapeza "Rubin Vase" - chitsanzo chapamwamba cha ziwerengero zozungulira.

Vase ya Rubin ndi chithunzi chapamwamba cha ziwerengero zozungulira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Gestalt psychology.

Mmenemo mukhoza kuwona vase kapena mbiri ziwiri, koma osati zonse nthawi imodzi. Chithunzicho ndi maziko ake amalowa mu ubale wina ndi mzake ndikupangitsa malo atsopano.

Gestalt ndi chithunzi chonse chomwe "timagwira" kuchokera kumadera onse ozungulira.

"Chiwerengero ndi nthaka" si mfundo yokhayo ya malingaliro aumunthu yomwe akatswiri a maganizo a Gestalt afotokoza.

Mfundo za Gestalt

• Kufanana:zinthu za kukula, mtundu, mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe amazindikiridwa palimodzi.
• Kuyandikira:Timasonkhanitsa zinthu zomwe zili pafupi ndi mzake.
• Kutseka:timayesa kumaliza kujambula kotero kuti zitenge mawonekedwe ake onse
• Kutalikirana: izindi zokwanira kuti zinthu zikhale pafupi mu nthawi kapena mlengalenga kuti tizindikire ngati chithunzi chonse.

Mfundo za Gestalt zimagwira ntchito bwino, mwachitsanzo, pamapangidwe. Pamene tsamba lawebusayiti kapena

kugwiritsa ntchito sikunakhazikitsidwe bwino - zilembo zolakwika zimasankhidwa, zinthu sizimasankhidwa molakwika kapena kuyikidwa m'magulu molakwika - mudzamva kuti pali cholakwika pano, ngakhale simuli katswiri wokonza. Mwachitsanzo, monga m’ndime ino.

Zomwe muyenera kudziwa za Gestalt

• Gestalt ndi chithunzi chonse chopangidwa ndi malingaliro athu.Chithunzi, nkhope ya munthu, nyimbo kapena lingaliro losamveka, timazindikira nthawi yomweyo komanso kwathunthu.
• Gestalt psychology koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20 idafotokoza zambiri zamalingaliro athu.Mwachitsanzo, timayika bwanji zinthu zomwe zili zofanana kapena zoyandikana. Masiku ano, malamulowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama pakupanga ndi zojambulajambula.
• M'zaka za zana la 21, lingaliro la gestalt likukopanso chidwi, nthawi ino malinga ndi kafukufuku waubongo.Gestalt m'njira yotakata ikuwonetsa momwe ubongo umapangira dziko lapansi. Kupyolera mu ma neural feedback circuits, ubongo umafananiza zolosera ndi zenizeni. Kukonzanso kwa chitsanzo cha zenizeni kumabala gestalt. Chifukwa cha izi, timawona dziko lapansi ngati lathunthu, osati ngati chipwirikiti cholimbikitsa.
• Thandizo la Gestalt limakhudzanso malingaliro adziko lonse lapansi komanso kukhudzana ndi chilengedwe.Apa pokha sitikulankhula za ma neural circuits, koma za psyche, khalidwe ndi zosowa. Psyche yaumunthu imayesetsa kukhulupirika, kulinganiza, koma chifukwa cha izi nthawi zonse imayenera kukwaniritsa zosowa ndikukhudzana ndi chilengedwe. Pamene chosowa (chilichonse chochokera kuchimbudzi mpaka kukwaniritsa ndondomeko ya zaka zambiri) chikukwaniritsidwa, gestalt imanenedwa kuti yatsekedwa.

Kodi kutseka gestalt kumatanthauza chiyani

"Ndikofunikira kwa ife kuti chithunzicho chikhale chokwanira, chokwanira," akutero psychopractitioner, Gestalt Therapist Maria Kryukova. "Mwachitsanzo, chithunzi chomwe makona atatu alibe ngodya, kapena mawu olembedwa osasiya mavawelo, tidzazindikirabe zonse ndikumvetsetsa zomwe wolembayo anali nazo, ndikubweretsa chithunzi chonse. Ife "timaliza" zomwe zikusowa. Ndi mfundo iyi yathunthu, yomwe imatchedwanso holism, yomwe ili pakatikati pa Gestalt psychology.

Ndicho chifukwa chake timamva nyimbo ngati nyimbo, osati monga phokoso la phokoso, timawona chithunzi chonse, osati monga mitundu ndi zinthu. Malingana ndi njira ya Gestalt, kuti lingaliro likhale "lolondola", ndikofunika kulimaliza, kutsiriza, kupeza malo a puzzles omwe akusowa ndikupeza chithunzicho chokha. Nthawi zina kutseka gestalt ndikofunikira. “Tangolingalirani mkhalidwe umene muli ndi ludzu kwambiri. Ndipo galasi lamadzi ndilomwe mukufunikira tsopano, - akupereka chitsanzo cha kufunika kotseka ma gestalt a Kryukov. - Mudzayang'ana kapu iyi yamadzi, panthawi imodzimodzi ndikuganizira chithunzi chomwe mukufuna pa makina - galasi kapena botolo, ozizira kapena otentha, ndi kagawo ka mandimu kapena kale, pamapeto pake, ngati madzi okha. Ndipo ngati kutsogolo kwanu kuli tebulo, lodzaza ndi mbale zomwe mumakonda, maso anu adzayang'anabe madzi. Chakudya sichingakhutiritse kufunika kwa madzi. Koma mukamamwa chosowacho chidzakhutitsidwa, gestalt idzatengedwa ngati yathunthu, yokwanira. Chikhumbo chakumwa chidzataya kufunika kwake. Ndipo chilakolako chatsopano chidzauka.

Ma gestals osakwanira mu maubwenzi

Monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zambiri, ma gestals osatsekedwa amapezekanso mu ubale waumwini. Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zomveka bwino za chodabwitsa ichi ndizochitika za kupatukana kapena kutaya munthu, pamene chinachake sichidziwika bwino, chosadziwika. Lesnitskaya anati: “Ndiyeno zimakhala zovuta kuti munthu asiye chithunzi cha wokondedwa wake, kuti apulumuke. "Amabwereza zomwe zidachitika mobwerezabwereza, amatenga mawu omwe sananene, chidwi chake ndi mphamvu zake zimakhala ndi izi." Malinga ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo, ngati munthu watayika, pamene wokondedwa wamwalira, kulira kwa nthawi yaitali kwa chaka chimodzi ndi theka mpaka zaka ziwiri ndi njira yachibadwa yomwe imatenga nthawi. Koma ngati maliro atenga zaka zisanu, zisanu ndi ziwiri, 10, titha kulankhula za kutayika kosamalizidwa, za kukakamira pamenepo. “Zimakhala zovuta kutseka gestalt, chifukwa munthuyo kulibe, koma mawu omwe akufuna kunena alipo.

Mukasiyana ndi bwenzi, munthu amathanso kuyankhula za kukakamira ndi gestalt yosatsekedwa, ngati zaka zikupita, ndipo munthuyo akupitiriza kukumbukira ndi kukumana ndi malingaliro akale, fufuzani njira zolekanitsira zomwe zachitika kale, kapena zochitika zoyambiranso. maubale. "Kugawana ndi munthu pakati pa chiganizo, popanda kutha kwa ubale, kunyalanyaza - zonsezi zikhoza kukhalabe ndi ife kwa moyo wathu wonse, kukhalabe m'chikumbukiro chathu ndikukhala bala la magazi," akutero psychopractitioners.

Nthawi zambiri pamakhala ma gestals osakwanira mu ubale wa makolo ndi mwana

Gestalt yosatsekedwa mu maubwenzi a banja ikhoza kukhala, mwachitsanzo, chikhumbo chochedwa ndi chosakwaniritsidwa chokhala ndi ana, Lesnitskaya amapereka chitsanzo china. Mwachitsanzo, pamene wina sali wokonzeka kapena sakufuna kukhala ndi ana, ndipo winayo amavomereza, ngakhale kwa iye, kwenikweni, n’kofunika kukhala kholo. Ndiye amene adavomereza, mobwerezabwereza amakumana ndi mkwiyo, kukwiya ndi kukayikira za kufunika kwa ubale ndi kulondola kwa chisankho chake. 

Nthawi zambiri pamakhala ma gestals osakwanira mu ubale wa makolo ndi mwana. Kryukova anati: “Pamakhala mikhalidwe imene munthu wamkulu sangathe kupeza chinenero chofala ndi makolo ake chifukwa cha kusakwanira kwa mimba. Lesnitskaya anawonjezera kuti: “Zimachitika kuti nthawi ina munthu wamkulu, mkwiyo ndi kuipidwa zimayamba kuwonjezereka, amakhala ndi maganizo olakwika mwa iyeyo mogwirizana ndi makolo ake,” akuwonjezera motero Lesnitskaya. — Mwachitsanzo, pamene kasitomala anali mwana, makolo ake sanabwere kudzam’chezera pa Tsiku la Makolo kumsasa, kapena kamodzi sanamutenge ku sukulu ya mkaka. Ndipo tsopano iye, kale wamkulu, amamva mkwiyo komanso mkwiyo. Ngakhale, zikuoneka kuti zinthu zinachitika kalekale. 

Gestalt Yosamalizidwa: Chitsanzo ndi Chikoka

Ganizirani, pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha maubwenzi, momwe gestalt yosakwanira ilili. Kulekanitsa, komwe kumachitika poyambira m'modzi mwa okondedwa, nthawi zonse kumayambitsa chiwawa kuchokera kwachiwiri. Nthawi zambiri, kusweka kotereku kumagwera munthu mosayembekezereka komanso ngati kuti wagwetsedwa, zomwe zimawakakamiza kumangoganizira zomwe zidachitika, kubwereranso zakale ndikusanthula zomwe zidalakwika. Kudziletsa kumatha kukhala kwa nthawi yayitali ndikusanduka kukhumudwa.

izi ndi maliseche osakwanira mu ubale , popeza mnzake wosiyidwayo analinganiza za m’tsogolo, zimene zinagwa m’kanthaŵi, osati mwa kufuna kwake.

Mwamsanga gestalt iyi imatsekedwa, mwamsanga munthu adzatha kubwerera ku moyo wathunthu ndikuyamba kumanga maubwenzi atsopano popanda zotsatira zoipa za zakale.

Gestalt iliyonse imayesetsa kuti ithe, chifukwa chake, pakapita nthawi, imadzipangitsa kumva kudzera mu chikumbumtima chathu. Zinthu zosakwanira zimakhala ndi mphamvu zamaganizidwe amunthu, motero zimawongolera zochita zake.

Izi zimachitika motere : muzochitika zatsopano, munthu amayamba kuchitapo kanthu malinga ndi machitidwe akale, kukonzanso vuto lakale. Zoopsa kwambiri ndizo zolemera zamaganizo, zosatsekedwa zomwe zimakhalabe pambuyo pa kutha.

Chifukwa chiyani ma gestals osatsekedwa ndi owopsa?

Akatswiri amalankhula za kuopsa kwa ma gestalt osatsekedwa. "Tinene kuti munthu adakwiyitsidwa, koma sanathe kapena sanayerekeze kuwonetsa ukali umenewu mokwanira ndi cholinga chake. Sindinathe kudziteteza, kudziteteza, kusonyeza kutengeka mtima,” akutero Kryukova. - Chotsatira chake, kufunika kofotokozera kudzakhalabe kosakhutira, ndipo gestalt idzakhala yosakwanira. Kumverera kwaukali komwe sikunakhalepo mpaka mapeto, kutenga mawonekedwe obisika ndi obisika, kudzasokoneza munthu. Mkwiyo udzakhala mkati mwake, womwe umamupempha nthawi zonse kuti atuluke, munthu amayang'ana zochitika (kapena kuwakwiyitsa) kuti afotokoze zaukali, akufotokoza psychopractitioner. "Ndipo, mosakayika, adzawonetsa nkhanza kwa anthu omwe alibe chilichonse chochita ndi izi," akuwonjezera Kryukova ndipo amapereka chitsanzo chosiyana - "encapsulation" ya maganizo mwa iyemwini, pamene munthu yemwe ali ndi gestalt yotseguka amamvetsa kuti anthu ozungulira. alibe mlandu pa chilichonse, ndipo safuna kuwachotsa pa iwo. Koma “chakudya cham’zitini” choterechi chimapha munthu mkati. Kuphatikiza apo, kukana kosalekeza komanso kwanthawi yayitali kwa malingaliro awo, zilakolako ndi maubwenzi, pamapeto pake, kumabweretsa neurosis.

Palibenso zowononga ndi zotsatira za kusakwanira kwa gestalt mu ubale wapamtima. “Ngati okwatirana alephera kulankhula, kukambitsirana, kufunafuna njira zopezera zosowa za aliyense, kuyandikirana kwambiri ndi kupita kwa atsopano, ndiye kuti m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, kudzimva kukhala osakhutira, opanda chiyembekezo, opanda pake, kusamva—ndipo kudzimva kukhala opanda pake. - kudziunjikira," akutero katswiri wa gestalt Lesnitskaya. Amalongosola kuti kwa wina izi zikutanthauza kutha kwa ubale - munthuyo amadzipatula ndikuwasiya. Kwa ena, pangakhale zochitika zingapo zachitukuko: mwachitsanzo, kukhalapo kwa thupi, koma kuchotsa maganizo, limodzi ndi kuwonjezeka kwa matenda a psychosomatic. Chinthu chinanso ndi mikangano yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha ululu wochuluka, nkhondo za m'banja, kutseguka kapena kukhudza zachiwawa, ndi zina zotero.

Gestalt yosakwanira idzakhudza munthu, thanzi lake, khalidwe la moyo. Pakhoza kukhala neuroses, mavuto ndi kugona, ndende. "Koma chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti njira zosakwanira ndizoopsa - sizimalola kupita patsogolo," akufotokoza mwachidule Kryukova.

Momwe mungatseke gestalt

"Uthenga wabwino ndi wakuti kutseka gestalt sikofunikira ndi katswiri," akutero Lesnitskaya, koma akuwonjezera kuti akhoza kuchitidwa bwino kwambiri ndi katswiri, chifukwa ngati gestalt sichitsekedwa, ndiye kuti chinachake sichinali chokwanira kuti chitsirizitse. . "Mwachitsanzo, luso, luso, zothandizira, chithandizo. Nthawi zambiri zomwe zimasowa zimakhala m'dera lakhungu la munthu. Ndipo ndi katswiri yemwe amatha kuwona izi ndikuthandizira kubwezeretsa kumveka bwino, "akutero katswiri wa zamaganizo.

Kukula kwa gestalt si nkhani yofulumira, imafunikira mphamvu, chidziwitso ndi chifuniro, koma zotsatira zake ndizofunika.

Ndiye mumatseka bwanji gestalt nokha? Imodzi mwa njirazi ndi "mpando wopanda kanthu". Ngati pali malingaliro osadziwika kwa munthu wina - amayi, abambo, mchimwene, wokondedwa wakale, bwana, achibale omwe adachoka - ndiye kuti akhoza kuthandizidwa mothandizidwa ndi njirayi. Sankhani nthawi ndi malo omwe palibe amene angakusokonezeni, ikani mipando iwiri moyang'anizana ndi wina ndi mzake pamtunda wa mita imodzi ndi theka mpaka mamita awiri, khalani pa imodzi mwa izo ndikulingalira kuti munthu wakhala moyang'anizana ndi inu amene mukufuna kunena. chinachake. Mukakonzeka, yambani kunena chilichonse chomwe muli nacho: mutha kukuwa, kutukwana, kulira, kufunsa mafunso. Kenako khalani pampando wake ndikuganiza nokha mu udindo wa munthu uyu, kuyankha zonena ndi mafunso. Pambuyo pake, bwererani kumpando wanu ndikukhala nokha, mverani zomwe wofunsayo wakuuzani ndikumuyankha. Mwina, 

"Njira iyi ingayambitse kutsekedwa kwa gestalt yakale, kapena ikhoza kukhala sitepe yoyamba kulowa mu psychotherapy - vuto lililonse ndi la munthu payekha, ndikofunika kudziwa izi," Lesnitskaya akufotokoza za njirayi. "Zikachitika zoopsa kwambiri, ndingalimbikitse kulumikizana ndi a Gestalt ndikupitiliza kugwira ntchito mothandizidwa ndi katswiri."

Malinga ndi Kryukova, kukula kwa gestalt si nkhani yofulumira, kumafuna mphamvu zina, chidziwitso ndi chifuniro, koma zotsatira zake ndizofunika. "Kugwira ntchito ndi ma gestalts kumawononga ma automatisms, ndiko kuti, chizolowezi chochita zinthu mwanjira inayake muzochitika zamtundu womwewo, osaganizira zomwe, momwe mukuchitira komanso chifukwa chiyani. Zotsatira zake, malingaliro anu amasintha, mumayamba kuchita zinthu mosiyana ndikumverera mosiyana, "adatero katswiriyu.

Thandizo la Gestalt: ndi chiyani, ndani amafunikira

Cholinga cha chithandizo cha Gestalt : kuphunzitsa munthu kuti adzizindikire yekha ngati munthu wathunthu, kumva zokhumba zake, zosowa zake, zochitika za thupi ndi maganizo m'thupi.

Pali zingapo njira zoyambira za gestalt zomwe zimathandizira kutseka zochitika zakale zomwe zimakhudza moyo watsiku ndi tsiku masiku ano.

Lingaliro lofunikira pamankhwala a Gestalt ndi Kuzindikira . Izi sizongodzidziwitsa nokha ndi zosowa zanu, komanso dziko lozungulira inu. Mawuwa amagwirizana ndi njira yotchedwa "pano ndi tsopano", yomwe imakulolani kuti musiye madandaulo akale, osati kuti mugwirizane ndi zofuna za wina, koma kuti mukhale nokha.

Komanso, kuzindikira kumabweretsa munthu udindo, amenenso ndi mbali yofunika ya mankhwala. Munthu amene ali ndi udindo amazindikira kuti moyo umapangidwa chifukwa cha zosankha ndi zochita zake. Kugwira ntchito ndi madandaulo ozama, komanso zochitika zomwe sizinali zomveka bwino, zimathandiza kupita ku chidziwitso ndi udindo.

Zomwe Muyenera Kuyembekezera kuchokera kwa Gestalt Therapist

Katswiri wa Gestalt amasankha optics kuti muthane ndi vutoli ndikuyiyang'ana mbali ina. Pamodzi mumafufuza zomwe zimatuluka mumlengalenga-osati malingaliro a kasitomala okha, koma machitidwe a wothandizira.

Komanso, wothandizira wa Gestalt angathe ndipo ayenera kugawana yankho lake ku nkhaniyi. Izi ndikukudziwitsani bwino zakukhosi kwanu.

Kodi mumatseka ma gestalt?