Kodi bowa akhoza kulimidwa m'dziko ndi momwe angachitire

Pali mitundu yambiri ya bowa yomwe mungabzalire patsamba lanu. Mndandanda wa omwe amadziwika kwambiri ndi ma champignon, shiitake, bowa wa oyster ndi bowa wa uchi. Ukadaulo wokulitsa ma morels, ringworms, flammulins komanso ma truffles akuda nawonso amapangidwa bwino. Kwa ena, njira yozama imagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo kuswana kwa matupi ena a fruiting kumatheka kokha m'njira zambiri.

Pakali pano, pali mitundu pafupifupi 10 ya bowa wodyedwa wobzalidwa, ndipo pafupifupi 10 ina ili pamlingo wophunzirira ndikukula kwaukadaulo wolima bwino.

Zokhudza bowa zomwe zingabzalidwe mdziko muno, komanso njira zochitira izi, zafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhaniyi.

Momwe mungakulire mycelium wa bowa wa shiitake mdziko muno

Bowa wakale kwambiri wolimidwa yemwe amabzalidwa pamalo ochita kupanga ndi shiitake ("bowa wa m'nkhalango yakuda"), womwe unayamba kuwetedwa pamitengo ku Japan, Korea, China ndi Taiwan zaka 2000 zapitazo (malinga ndi mtundu wina, mu 1000). - zaka 1100). Mwachilengedwe, bowa wowononga nkhuniwu umapezekabe ku China, Japan, Malaysia, ndi Philippines pamitengo monga oak, hornbeam, ndi beech. Kuchuluka kwa kulima bowa m'mafakitale kukuwonjezeka chaka chilichonse.

Bowawa wakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pazaulimi ku Japan kwazaka zambiri. Ndi dziko ili lomwe ndi lotsogola pakupanga shiitake. Amawuma ndikutumizidwa ku France, Germany, USA, Great Britain, komwe bowa wokoma amafunikira kwambiri. Ku Ulaya ndi ku America, amachitanso kafukufuku ndi kuyesa kulima bowa.

Musanamere mycelium wa bowa wa shiitake m'dzikolo, muyenera kutenga mtengo wamatabwa wolimba womwe wagwa ndikuwuwona pakati. Thekalo limayikidwa mobisa ndipo mycelium imabzalidwa pa iwo, yomwe "imapanga" nkhuni. Ngati pali chinyezi chokwanira (mvula ndi kuthirira), ndiye kuti matupi a fruiting amapangidwa pamitengo patatha zaka ziwiri. Ponseponse, nthawi yokolola bowa ndi zaka 2, pomwe pafupifupi 6 kg ya bowa watsopano amakololedwa kuchokera ku 1 m2 ya nkhuni.

Kuti bowa amere bwino m'mundamo, ndikofunikira kupereka kutentha kwa 12-20 ° C ndi chinyezi chambiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono, izi sizovuta kukwaniritsa.

Kuti mumere bowa wa shiitake m'malo ochita kupanga mochulukira momwe mungathere, muyenera kukonza malo panja pamalo amthunzi. Palinso zotsatira zolimbikitsa za kulima matupi a fruitingwa mu greenhouses. Inde, kugwiritsa ntchito chipinda chapadera kumawonjezera mtengo wopangira, koma ndondomekoyi sichidalira nyengo ndipo imatsimikizira kukolola kokhazikika.

Kenako, mupeza zomwe bowa ena amalimidwa mongopanga.

Kulima bowa wa flammulin pachiwembu chamunthu

Ku Japan ndi mayiko ena aku Asia, kulima m'mafakitale kwa flammulina velvet-miyendo yowononga nkhuni ndikotchuka. Izi zimachitika ndi mafamu apadera a bowa, omwe amatchedwanso bowa wachisanu.

Pakulima kwake, njira yayikulu imagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso m'nyumba zokha, popeza flammulina imatha kukhala ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, chifukwa chake kuswana kwake kotseguka kumatha kukhala kowopsa m'minda, mapaki ndi nkhalango.

Zomwe bowa angakulire nazo zidadziwika kale mu 800-900. Poyamba, flammulina, monga shiitake, ankawetedwa pa nkhuni. Ndipo momwe mungakulire bowa m'munda wamaluwa masiku ano? Tsopano magalasi kapena mitsuko ya pulasitiki imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa izi, pomwe gawo lapansi limayikidwa, lomwe ndi losakanizika ndi utuchi ndi udzu wokhala ndi zowonjezera mchere. Njira zonse, kuyambira kusakaniza gawo lapansi mpaka kubzala mycelium mmenemo, zimayendetsedwa ndi makina.

Mabanki amaikidwa m'zipinda zapadera za thermostatic zokhala ndi kutentha koyendetsedwa, chinyezi cha mpweya, ndi kuchuluka kwa kuwala. Miyendo yayitali yokwanira ya matupi a zipatso yosuzumira mumtsuko imadulidwa, ndipo posakhalitsa bowa watsopano amawonekera m'malo mwawo.

Kuyesa kulima flammulina kumachitikanso ku Europe. Olima bowa am'deralo apeza kuti gawo labwino kwambiri la bowali ndi kusakaniza kwa 70% utuchi ndi 30% chinangwa cha mpunga. Pamaso pa gawo lapansi ndi zina zofunika, mbewu zimakololedwa patatha milungu 2-3 mutabzala mycelium.

Onerani kanema wamomwe mungakulire bowa wa shiitake pa chiwembu:

Momwe mungakulire bowa wa Volvariella m'nyumba yachilimwe

Bowa wina amene amabzalidwa ku mayiko a ku Asia ndi volvariella, wotchedwanso bowa wa udzu kapena champignons. Komabe, ali ngati bowa woyandama ndi ntchentche. Anayamba kuwaswana pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo monga champignon, mwachitsanzo, pafupifupi 1700, makamaka ku China.

Pakadali pano, kumayiko a Far East ndi Southeast Asia, volvariella imakula mwachangu pamalo otseguka pamizere ya udzu wa mpunga. Kusakaniza koyenera kwambiri kwa kutentha ndi chinyezi cha mpweya kulima bowa ndi 28 ° C ndi 80% chinyezi. Pabedi la udzu lokha, kutentha kuyenera kukhala kosiyana ndi 32 mpaka 40 ° C.

Pankhani ya kupanga ndi kutchuka, ndithudi, mtsogoleriyo ndi shampignon (champignon double-spored), yomwe inayamba kukula ku France cha m'ma 1600, pamene bowa ankatchedwa champignon kwa nthawi yaitali.

Pansi pa chilengedwe, pafupifupi bowa onse omwe ali pamwambawa amakhala pamitengo. Pakati pa udzu pansi, mutha kuwona volvariella yokha, ndipo champignon imakhala pa manyowa ovunda kapena humus.

M'mayiko otentha ndi otentha, bowa akhoza kulimidwa kunja, zomwe zimachepetsa mtengo wake pamlingo wina. M'madera otentha, bowa amalimidwa m'nyumba, zomwe zimawononga ndalama zambiri, kotero kulima kwa volvariella sikofala kwambiri m'maderawa. Njira yabwino yolima bowa mdziko muno ndikugwiritsa ntchito nyumba zobiriwira. Mwachitsanzo, masamba samakula m'malo obiriwira ku dacha m'chilimwe, kotero malo awo amatha kutengedwa ndi bowa wokonda kutentha.

Zotsatira zabwino zidapezeka polima bowa m'magawo am'nyumba pogwiritsa ntchito gawo lapansi kuchokera ku zipsera za chimanga. Nthawi zina ndizotheka kukwera mpaka 160 kg kuchokera pa 1 m2 pachaka.

Malinga ndi kapangidwe ndi kukoma kwake, Volvariella ndi bowa wosakhwima kwambiri. Chizindikiro cha kukhwima ndi pamene kulemera kwa 30-50 g. Monga lamulo, amadyedwa mwatsopano, ndipo chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake osakhwima, champignon ya zitsamba sangathe kunyamulidwa.

M'mayiko ena, makamaka aku Asia, volvariella yakhala ikulimidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, koma m'dziko lathu abwera posachedwa.

Kulima bowa wa truffle m'munda

Bowa woyamba mwa omwe amalimidwa anali ndendende omwe amawononga nkhuni, chifukwa ndi pakati pa bowa zonse zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kupeza matupi a fruiting kuchokera kwa iwo. Mu bowa wa humic ndi mycorrhizal, ndi ubale wawo wovuta ndi zomera, izi zimakhala zovuta kuchita.

Bowa wa Mycorrhizal wakhala akuphunziridwa kwa zaka zopitirira zana, koma njira zodalirika zowakulitsira sizinapangidwe, kotero muyenera kutengera chilengedwe ndipo, mutakumba mycelium m'nkhalango, musamutsire pansi pa mtengo m'nkhalango kapena m'nkhalango. munda wanu chiwembu, inunso mukhoza basi kubzala spores.

Bowa lokhalo la mycorrhizal lomwe laphunziridwa pang'ono ndi truffle wakuda, yemwe wakhala akufalitsidwa kwambiri ku France kuyambira pakati pa zaka za zana la XNUMX. Iwo ankatchedwanso French, kapena Perigord, truffle kulemekeza chigawo lolingana, kumene minda yaikulu inali. Kenako truffles ku France anayamba kukula pang'ono kumwera kwa Germany.

Bowa amadziwika ndi kununkhira kwamphamvu, kosalekeza komanso kosangalatsa komanso kukoma kosakhwima, chifukwa chake kumayamikiridwa kwambiri.

Pakadali pano, bowa amaonedwa kuti ndi chakudya chamtengo wapatali, chomwe mtengo wake pa msika wapadziko lonse ndi wokwera kwambiri.

Matupi a fruiting a truffles wakuda ali pansi panthaka ndipo, monga lamulo, amakhala akuya 2-5 cm, mawonekedwe ake ndi ozungulira, pamwamba pake ndi osagwirizana ndi zotupa ndi zotupa, mtundu ndi bulauni-wakuda, pafupifupi. kukula kwa mtedza kapena apulo kakang'ono. Wopanga wake wamkulu ndi wachikhalidwe cha ku France.

Kodi ndizotheka kubzala bowa patsamba lanu? Kwa mafani enieni a luso lawo, palibe chosatheka! Njira yopangira truffles sinasinthe kwambiri m'zaka mazana awiri. Monga nthawi imeneyo, minda ya oak ndi beech imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa izi, chifukwa ndi mitengoyi yomwe truffle imalowa mwachangu mu symbiosis ndikupanga mycorrhiza.

Malo ogawa truffle wakuda amangokhala ku France, Italy ndi Switzerland. M'dziko Lathu, mitundu yake ina imakula, komabe, imakhala yochepa kwambiri kwa kukoma kwake, kotero kuswana kwake m'dzikoli sikofala. Komanso, ayenera wapadera wosweka mwala dothi ndi mkulu laimu okhutira, komanso mosamalitsa kumatanthauza zinthu kutentha ndi yoyenera mpweya chinyezi.

Agrotechnics yokulitsa truffles ikuwonetsedwa pazithunzi izi:

Momwe mungakulire bowa wa oyster mdziko (ndi kanema)

Zitha kuwoneka kuti pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya bowa wodyedwa wobzalidwa pamitengo idayamba kulimidwa kumayiko a Far East ndi Southeast Asia. Kupatulapo ndi bowa wamba wowononga nkhuni wotchedwa oyster bowa, womwe udayamba kubadwa ku Germany chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za XNUMX-XNUMX. Posachedwapa, bowa uwu wafala kwambiri ku Ulaya, Asia ndi America.

Bowa wa oyster ndi bowa wamtengo wapatali wodyedwa, womwe ndi wosavuta kulima kuposa ma champignon. Komanso, mu kukoma ndi maonekedwe, bowa wa oyisitara ndi wofanana ndi shiitake, mtundu wa kapu ya oyster ndi wofiirira, ndipo mwendo wapakati, monga lamulo, umawonekera kwambiri kuposa bowa wa oyster.

Chikhalidwe cha bowa wa oyster chimadziwika ndi zokolola zambiri kutchire komanso kukoma kwabwino, motero zimakondedwa pakati pa olima bowa amateur.

Polima bowa wa oyster, njira yayikulu imagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Tsatanetsatane wa momwe mungakulire bowa wa oyster mdziko muno akufotokozedwa muvidiyoyi:

Kulima bowa wa morel ndi bowa wa uchi panyumba yawo yachilimwe

Ponena za zomwe bowa amatha kulimidwa mdziko muno, munthu sangalephere kutchula zambiri za bowa ndi uchi.

M'nkhalango ndi apulo minda ya zipatso ku France ndi Germany kuyambira pakati pa XIX atumwi. pang'onopang'ono, morels anayamba kuswana, pakati pawo conical morel ndi ambiri.

Otola bowa amaudziwa bwino bowawu. Chakumapeto kwa masika, morel amamera m'madambo komanso m'mphepete mwa misewu ya nkhalango yokhala ndi kapu yosongoka, yotuwa, yooneka ngati cone. Wachibale wake wapamtima ndi morel wamba (wodyedwa) wokhala ndi kapu yozungulira. Pakalipano, pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zokulitsira morels - zodyedwa ndi conical.

Mabuku oyambirira a momwe angakulire bowa pa chiwembu analembedwa ku USSR m'zaka za m'ma 30 za zaka zapitazo. Ndipo mu 40s. kulima bowa uwu pamitengo inatengedwa ku Germany. Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, adapanganso njira yolima bowa pogwiritsa ntchito mycelium yokonzedwa ngati phala.

Kuphunzira kwa uchi wa agaric ndi njira zokulilira m'nyumba zachilimwe kukuchitikanso m'dziko lathu.

Kulima bowa mphete m'dziko

Zipere angatchedwe wamng'ono wa bowa nakulitsa, popeza luso kulima kwake anaonekera ku Germany mu 1969, ndipo anapeza kutchuka kwambiri mu Poland, Hungary ndi UK. Komabe, alimi a bowa m’maiko ena nawonso ali ndi chidwi chofuna kulima bowa umenewu m’nyumba zawo zachilimwe. Kulima zipere ndi kophweka, amafunikira gawo lapansi kuchokera ku udzu kapena zinyalala zaulimi, zomwe sizovuta kukonzekera.

Bowa ali ndi makhalidwe okoma kwambiri, amatha kusungidwa ndikusamutsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Koltsevik ndiwodalirika kwambiri pankhani ya kulima ndipo amatha kupikisana ndi champignon kutchuka kapena kupitilira, komabe, kuyesa kulima bowa ku Dziko Lathu kwayamba posachedwa.

Pofotokoza mwachidule za mitundu ya bowa wolimidwa, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti miyambo ya kumaloko imathandiza kwambiri pogawa bowa. Komabe, pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, zinthu zidayamba kuchitika pomwe zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana za bowa zidadutsa malire adziko lawo ndikukhaladi "cosmopolitans". Kwakukulukulu, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kudalirana kwa mayiko ndi chitukuko chakuya cha njira zolankhulirana komanso mwayi wotumizirana mauthenga pakati pa mayiko osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, bowa wa oyster wochokera ku Ulaya wafalikira kwambiri ku Asia ndi America. Volvariella, mosakayikira, idzagonjetsa mitima ya olima bowa kutali ndi Asia posachedwa.

Kulima bowa mdziko muno, yambani ndi mitundu yomwe ndi yosavuta kulima: bowa wa oyster ndi ma champignons. Ngati luso lanu lachita bwino, mutha kuyesa kuswana bowa wosankha.

Malangizo okulitsa bowa kuchokera ku mycelium m'munda

M'munsimu muli malangizo kwa alimi a bowa omwe akuyamba kumene kukula bowa kuchokera ku mycelium m'munda wamaluwa.

1. Kukonzekera zopangira (zowotcha, kuviika), mudzafunika chidebe ndipo, mwina, kuposa chimodzi. Pachifukwa ichi, kusamba kwachikhalidwe kumatauni kumakhala koyenera, komwe kumakhala kosavuta kukonza ngalande zamadzi, kutentha komwe kumasunga bwino.
2. Pokula bowa pamalowa, ndikwabwino kutenthetsa ndikuviika zinthu zopangira gawo lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito matumba opindika (mutha kugwiritsa ntchito shuga, koma choyamba muyenera kuchotsa thumba lapulasitiki lomwe lili mkati). Matumbawo amadzazidwa ndi udzu wouma wodulidwa, amaikidwa mu kusamba ndikudzazidwa ndi madzi otentha.
3. Madzi otentha amatenthedwa bwino mu chidebe china, mwachitsanzo, mu chidebe kapena thanki pogwiritsa ntchito chowotcha, pa chitofu, mumzere, pa chitofu. Ndiye madzi otentha amatsanuliridwa mu kusamba ndi matumba atayikidwa pamenepo, yokutidwa ndi filimu wandiweyani ndikusiya kwa maola 8-12.
4. Musanafese gawo lapansi ndi mycelium (inoculation), m'pofunika kugaya bwino mbewu imodzi. Pankhaniyi, padzakhala zambiri foci ya overgrowth. Chitani ntchitoyi m'magolovesi opangidwa ndi mphira. The mycelium ayenera kuchotsedwa mufiriji maola 6-10 isanayambe kuchitapo kanthu.
5. Ndikofunikira kudzaza matumbawo ndi gawo lapansi, ndikuligwedeza mwamphamvu kwambiri, chifukwa mpweya wochulukirapo ndi malo omasuka zidzasokoneza njira yakukula.

Onani chithunzi momwe mungadzazire matumba kuti mumere bowa:

• Matumba akhoza slitted kumapeto kwa overgrowing kuchepetsa mwayi kuyanika kuchokera gawo lapansi m'dera lawo, komanso matenda.
• Matumba okhala ndi gawo lapansi lofesedwa ayenera kuikidwa m'nyumba kuti athe kudutsa momasuka pakati pawo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, muyenera kuyesa kukonza kuyatsa yunifolomu ndi mpweya wabwino.
• Phunzirani mpweya, matumba, ndi zina zotero, koma osati bowa, chifukwa izi zingayambitse matenda osiyanasiyana a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
• Pothyola bowa, mawonekedwe awo ayenera kuganiziridwa. Bowa ukhoza kutsamira chopingasa ndipo uyenera kudulidwa kaye, chifukwa sudzakulanso ndipo ukhoza kutaya njere.
• Ngati bowa amakula kuti agulitse, ndikofunika kufunsa pasadakhale za kuthekera kwa malonda, mtengo.
• Ngakhale kulima bowa kumamveka ngati kosavuta, simuyenera kukonza malo nthawi yomweyo. Choyamba muyenera kuyesetsa kukhala osachepera angapo bowa.
• Ngati mavoti a bowa omwe amapangidwa siakulu kwambiri, ndiye kuti satifiketi ndi zolemba zina sizikufunika kuti agulitse, kotero mutha kugulitsa zotsalira za chiwembucho.
• Kuti mupindule kwambiri ndi ntchito yanu yolima bowa, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mupereke patsogolo pazochitika zilizonse pazowona zanu, zomwe mwina zingapatuke pamalingaliro pang'ono.
• Amene amalima bowa kuti agulitse osati mwachindunji, koma kudzera mwa ogulitsa, monga lamulo, amalandira zochepa kuposa omwe amangowagulitsa. Pogwirizana ndi zomwe tingapereke malangizo awa: yesani kuphatikiza mwa munthu wanu onse opanga ndi wogulitsa.
• Gwirizanani ndi alimi ena a bowa. Izi sizidzangopindulitsa pakukula kwa bowa, komanso zithandizira, ngati kuli kofunikira, kukwaniritsa dongosolo la gulu lalikulu la bowa. Nthawi zambiri, mgwirizano ndi wopindulitsa kwambiri.

Zoyambira zakukula bowa mdziko muno zikufotokozedwa muvidiyoyi: