Zamkatimu
Gawo la biology lomwe limaphunzira kapangidwe kake, kadyedwe komanso kakulidwe ka bowa limatchedwa mycology. Sayansiyi ili ndi mbiri yakale ndipo imagawidwa m'magulu atatu (akale, atsopano ndi atsopano). Ntchito zakale kwambiri zasayansi pamapangidwe ndi ntchito za bowa zomwe zakhalapo mpaka pano zidayamba chapakati pa 150 BC. e. Pazifukwa zodziwikiratu, detayi idasinthidwa nthawi zambiri pophunziranso, ndipo zambiri zidatsutsidwa.
Kufotokozera za kapangidwe ka bowa, komanso mbali zazikulu zakukula kwawo ndi zakudya, zikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhaniyi.
General makhalidwe a dongosolo la mycelium wa bowa
Bowa onse ali ndi thupi lobiriwira lotchedwa mycelium, ndiko kuti, mycelium. Mapangidwe akunja a mycelium a bowa amafanana ndi mtolo wa ulusi woonda wopota, wotchedwa "hyphae". Monga lamulo, mycelium ya bowa wamba yodyedwa imakula m'nthaka kapena pamitengo yovunda, ndipo mycelium ya parasitic imamera m'matumbo a chomeracho. Matupi obala zipatso a bowa amamera pa mycelium ndi timbewu tomwe timabalana ndi bowa. Komabe, pali bowa wambiri, makamaka ma parasitic, opanda matupi a fruiting. Chodabwitsa cha mawonekedwe a bowa wotere ndi chakuti spores zake zimakula molunjika pa mycelium, pa zonyamula spore zapadera.
Mycelium yaing'ono ya bowa wa oyster, champignon ndi bowa wina wokulirapo ndi ulusi woyera wopyapyala womwe umawoneka ngati zokutira zoyera, zotuwa-zoyera kapena zoyera-buluu pamtunda wofanana ndi ulusi.
Mapangidwe a mycelium wa bowa akuwonetsedwa pazithunzi izi:
M'kati mwa kukhwima, mthunzi wa mycelium umakhala wofewa ndipo timango tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'onoting'ono timawonekera. Ngati pakukula kwa mycelium ya bowa (mumtsuko wagalasi kapena thumba) pamwamba pa gawo lapansi (tirigu kapena kompositi imatha kukhala gawo lake), zingwezo zimakhala pafupifupi 25-30% (zoyikidwa ndi diso) , ndiye izi zikutanthauza kuti zobzala zinali zapamwamba kwambiri. Zingwe zochepa komanso zopepuka za mycelium, zazing'ono ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopindulitsa. Mycelium yotere imamera popanda vuto lililonse ndipo imakula mu gawo lapansi mu greenhouses ndi greenhouses.
Ponena za kapangidwe ka bowa, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kukula ndi kukula kwa bowa wa oyster mycelium ndikokulirapo kuposa champignon mycelium. Mu bowa wa oyster, zobzala zimakhala zachikasu pakapita nthawi yochepa komanso ndi zingwe zambiri.
Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa kapangidwe ka bowa wa oyster:
Mthunzi wofewa wa oyster bowa mycelium suwonetsa konse kutsika. Komabe, ngati ulusi ndi zingwezo ndi zofiirira ndi madontho ofiirira amadzimadzi pamwamba pawo kapena pachidebe chokhala ndi mycelium, ndiye kuti ichi ndi chizindikiro chakuti mycelium yakula, yakalamba kapena yakumana ndi zovuta (mwachitsanzo, yaundana kapena yatenthedwa kwambiri). Pamenepa, musadalire kupulumuka kwabwino kwa zobzala ndi kukolola.
Zizindikiro izi zithandizira kudziwa momwe mycelium imakulira mu gawo lapansi. Mapangidwe a zingwe mu mawonekedwe onse a bowa akuwonetsa kukonzekera kwa mycelium kwa fruiting.
Ngati pali mawanga kapena zolembera za pinki, zachikasu, zobiriwira, zakuda mumtsuko ndi mycelium kapena mugawo lofesedwa (pabedi lamunda, m'bokosi, m'thumba la pulasitiki), tinganene motsimikiza kuti gawo lapansi. ndi yankhungu, mwa kuyankhula kwina, yokutidwa ndi bowa wochepa kwambiri, ngati "mpikisano" wa ma champignon olimidwa ndi bowa wa oyisitara.
Ngati mycelium ili ndi kachilombo, ndiye kuti si yoyenera kubzala. Gawo lapansili likakhala ndi kachilombo mycelium ikabzalidwa mmenemo, madera omwe ali ndi kachilomboka amachotsedwa mosamala ndikusinthidwa ndi gawo latsopano.
Kenako, muphunzira zomwe zimapangidwira za spores za bowa.
Mapangidwe a thupi la fruiting la bowa: mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a spores
Ngakhale kuti wotchuka kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a fruiting thupi la bowa mu mawonekedwe a chipewa pa phesi, ndi kutali ndi yekhayo ndipo ndi chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zambiri za chilengedwe zosiyanasiyana.
M'chilengedwe, nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona matupi a fruiting omwe amawoneka ngati ziboda. Izi ndi, mwachitsanzo, mafangasi omwe amamera pamitengo. Maonekedwe a coral ndi khalidwe la bowa wa nyanga. Mu marsupials, mawonekedwe a thupi la fruiting ndi ofanana ndi mbale kapena galasi. Mitundu ya matupi a fruiting ndi yosiyana kwambiri komanso yachilendo, ndipo mtundu wake ndi wolemera kwambiri moti nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kufotokoza bowa.
Kuti muganizire bwino mawonekedwe a bowa, yang'anani zojambula ndi zithunzi izi:
Matupi a zipatso amakhala ndi spores, mothandizidwa ndi bowa zomwe zimachulukana mkati ndi pamwamba pa matupi awa, pa mbale, machubu, minyewa (bowa la kapu) kapena m'zipinda zapadera (zovala zamvula).
Maonekedwe a spores mu kapangidwe ka bowa ndi oval kapena ozungulira. Makulidwe awo amasiyana kuchokera ku 0,003 mm mpaka 0,02 mm. Tikayang'ana kapangidwe ka spores za bowa pansi pa maikulosikopu, tiwona madontho amafuta, omwe ndi michere yosungika yomwe imapangidwira kuti mbewuzo zimere mu mycelium.
Apa mutha kuwona chithunzi cha mawonekedwe amtundu wa fruiting wa bowa:
Mtundu wa spores umasiyanasiyana, kuyambira woyera ndi ocher-bulauni mpaka wofiirira ndi wakuda. Mtunduwu umayikidwa molingana ndi mbale za bowa wamkulu. Russula imadziwika ndi mbale zoyera ndi spores, mu champignons ndi bulauni-violet, ndipo pokhwima ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mbale, mtundu wawo umasintha kuchokera ku pinki wotumbululuka mpaka wofiirira wakuda.
Chifukwa cha njira yabwino yoberekera monga kufalitsa mabiliyoni a spores, bowa wakhala akuthetsa bwino nkhani ya kubereka kwa zaka zoposa milioni imodzi. Monga momwe katswiri wodziwika bwino wa sayansi ya zamoyo ndi majini, Pulofesa AS Serebrovsky mophiphiritsira ananenera mu “Biological Walks” yake: “Komanso, m’dzinja lililonse, mitu yofiira ya ntchentche ya agariki imawonekera uku ndi uko kuchokera pansi pa nthaka, ndipo, ikufuula ndi mtundu wake wofiira. : “Lowani, osandigwira, ndili ndi poyizoni! ”, Mamiliyoni a mbewu zawo zosafunikira zimabalalika mumpweya wabata wa autumn. Ndipo ndani akudziwa zaka masauzande angati bowawa akhala akusunga mtundu wawo wa ntchentche agaric mothandizidwa ndi spores popeza adathetsa mavuto akulu kwambiri m'moyo ... "
Ndipotu, kuchuluka kwa spores zomwe zimatulutsidwa mumlengalenga ndi bowa ndizochuluka kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kachikumbu kakang'ono kamene kamakhala ndi masentimita 2-6 m'mimba mwake, kamatulutsa spores 100-106, ndipo bowa wamkulu wokwanira wokhala ndi kapu 6-15 masentimita amatulutsa spores 5200-106. Ngati tikuganiza kuti voliyumu yonseyi ya spores idamera ndi matupi achonde, ndiye kuti gawo la 124 km2 limakhala ndi bowa watsopano.
Poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa spores opangidwa ndi bowa lathyathyathya wokhala ndi mainchesi 25-30, ziwerengerozi zimazimiririka, popeza zimafika 30 biliyoni, ndipo mu bowa wa banja la puffball kuchuluka kwa spores sikungaganizidwe ndipo sizopanda pake. kuti bowawa ali m’gulu la zamoyo zolemera kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Bowa wotchedwa giant langermannia nthawi zambiri amayandikira kukula kwa chivwende ndipo amapanga spores mpaka 7,5 thililiyoni. Ngakhale mu maloto owopsa, simungaganizire zomwe zingachitike ngati onse atamera. Bowa amene anatuluka ankakhala m’dera lalikulu kuposa la ku Japan. Tiyeni tilole malingaliro athu asokonezeke ndi kulingalira zomwe zingachitike ngati njere za m'badwo wachiwiri uwu wa bowa zitamera. Matupi a zipatso mu voliyumu atha kukhala nthawi 300 kuchuluka kwa Dziko Lapansi.
Mwamwayi, chilengedwe chinaonetsetsa kuti palibe bowa wochuluka. Bowawu ndi wosowa kwambiri kotero kuti tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timapeza momwe tingapulumukire ndikumera.
Nkhope zimawulukira mumlengalenga kulikonse padziko lapansi. M'malo ena pali ochepa, mwachitsanzo, m'dera la mitengo kapena pamwamba pa nyanja, koma palibe ngodya yomwe sangakhalepo. Izi ziyenera kuganiziridwa ndipo mawonekedwe a thupi la bowa ayenera kuganiziridwa, makamaka poweta bowa wa oyster m'nyumba. Pamene bowa amayamba kubala zipatso, zosonkhanitsira awo ndi chisamaliro (kuthirira, kuyeretsa chipinda) ziyenera kuchitidwa mu respirator kapena osachepera bandeji yopyapyala kuphimba pakamwa ndi mphuno, monga spores zingachititse ziwengo anthu tcheru.
Simungathe kuchita mantha ndi chiwopsezo chotere ngati mukukula champignon, mphutsi, bowa wachisanu, bowa wachilimwe, chifukwa mbale zawo zimaphimbidwa ndi filimu yopyapyala, yomwe imatchedwa chivundikiro chapadera, mpaka thupi la fruiting litapsa. Bowawo akacha, chivundikirocho chimasweka, ndipo pali chotsalira chofanana ndi mphete, ndipo spores amaponyedwa mumlengalenga. Komabe, ndi chitukuko cha zochitikazi, pali mikangano yocheperapo, ndipo sizowopsa kwambiri poyambitsa allergen. Kuonjezera apo, zokolola za bowa zoterezi zimakololedwa filimuyo isanayambe kusweka (nthawi yomweyo, malonda a malonda ndi apamwamba kwambiri).
Monga momwe zikuwonekera pachithunzi cha kapangidwe ka bowa wa oyster, alibe pogona payekha:
Chifukwa cha izi, spores mu bowa wa oyster amapangidwa atangopanga mbale ndikutulutsidwa mumlengalenga pakukula konse kwa thupi la fruiting, kuyambira pakuwonekera kwa mbale ndikutha ndikucha kwathunthu ndi kukolola (izi zimachitika 5- Patangotha masiku 6 kuchokera ku chiyambi cha thupi la fruiting lidzapanga).
Zikuoneka kuti spores za bowa izi amakhala nthawi zonse mlengalenga. Pachifukwa ichi, malangizo: Mphindi 15-30 musanakolole, muyenera kunyowetsa mpweya m'chipindacho ndi botolo la spray (madzi sayenera kufika pa bowa). Pamodzi ndi madontho amadzimadzi, spores imakhazikikanso pansi.
Tsopano popeza mwadzidziwa bwino ndi mawonekedwe a bowa, ndi nthawi yoti muphunzire za zikhalidwe zoyambira kukula kwawo.
Basic zinthu kwa chitukuko cha bowa
Kuyambira pakupanga zoyambira komanso mpaka kucha, kukula kwa thupi la fruiting nthawi zambiri sikudutsa masiku 10-14, ndithudi, pamikhalidwe yabwino: kutentha kwabwino ndi chinyezi cha nthaka ndi mpweya.
Ngati timakumbukira mitundu ina ya mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa mdziko muno, ndiye kuti sitiroberi kuyambira nthawi yophukira mpaka kukhwima kwathunthu pakati pa Dziko Lathu zimatenga pafupifupi miyezi 1,5, kwa mitundu yoyambirira ya maapulo - pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, nthawi yozizira imafika. 2 miyezi.
M'milungu iwiri, bowa wa kapu amakula bwino, pomwe ma puffballs amatha kukula mpaka 50 cm kapena kupitilira apo. Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zimachititsa kuti bowa likhale lofulumira.
Kumbali ina, nyengo yabwino, imatha kufotokozedwa ndikuti pa mycelium pansi pa nthaka pali kale matupi a fruiting, otchedwa primordia, omwe ali ndi mbali zonse za thupi lamtsogolo la fruiting: tsinde, kapu. , mbale.
Panthawi imeneyi m'moyo wake, bowa limayamwa kwambiri chinyezi chanthaka mpaka madzi omwe ali m'thupi la fruiting amafika 90-95%. Zotsatira zake, kupanikizika kwa zomwe zili m'maselo pa nembanemba yawo (turgor) kumawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonjezeka kwa minofu ya fungal. Chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa uku, mbali zonse za thupi la fruiting la bowa zimayamba kutambasula.
Titha kunena kuti chinyezi ndi kutentha zimathandizira kuyambika kwa primordia. Atalandira deta kuti chinyezi chafika pamlingo wokwanira, ndipo kutentha kumakumana ndi zikhalidwe za moyo, bowa mwamsanga amatambasula m'litali ndikutsegula zipewa zawo. Komanso, pa liwiro lachangu, maonekedwe ndi kukhwima kwa spores.
Komabe, kukhalapo kwa chinyezi chokwanira, mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa mvula, sikutsimikizira kuti bowa ambiri adzakula. Monga momwe zinakhalira, nyengo yofunda, yachinyontho, kukula kwakukulu kumawonedwa kokha mu mycelium (ndiye amene amapanga bowa wokoma fungo lodziwika bwino kwa ambiri).
Kukula kwa matupi a fruiting mumbiri yambiri ya bowa kumachitika pa kutentha kwambiri. Izi ndichifukwa choti bowa amafunikira kusintha kwa kutentha kuwonjezera pa chinyezi kuti akule. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zabwino kwambiri pakukula kwa bowa wa champignon ndi kutentha kwa +24-25 ° C, pamene kukula kwa thupi la fruiting kumayamba pa +15-18 ° C.
Kumayambiriro kwa autumn, uchi wa autumn agaric umalamulira kwambiri m'nkhalango, womwe umakonda kuzizira ndipo umachita bwino kwambiri pakusinthasintha kulikonse. Kutentha kwake "corridor" ndi +8-13 ° С. Ngati kutentha uku kuli mu Ogasiti, ndiye kuti uchi wa agaric umayamba kubala zipatso m'chilimwe. Kutentha kukangofika + 15 ° C kapena kupitirira apo, bowa amasiya kubala zipatso ndikutha.
Mycelium ya flammulina velvet-miyendo imayamba kumera pa kutentha kwa 20 ° C, pomwe bowa wokhawo amawonekera pafupifupi kutentha kwa 5-10 ° C, komabe, kutentha kwapansi mpaka minus ndikoyeneranso.
Zofananira za kukula ndi kukula kwa bowa ziyenera kuganiziridwa akamawetedwa pamalo otseguka.
Bowa ndi gawo la rhythmic fruiting nthawi yonse yakukula. Izi zimaonekera bwino mu kapu bowa, amene amabala zipatso mu zigawo kapena mafunde. Pankhani imeneyi, pakati pa otola bowa pali mawu akuti: "Bowa woyamba adapita" kapena "Bowa woyamba adatsika." Mafundewa sakhala ochuluka kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, mu boletus yoyera, imagwa kumapeto kwa Julayi. Nthawi yomweyo, kudula kwa mkate kumachitika, chifukwa chake bowa amatchedwanso "spikelets".
Panthawi imeneyi, bowa amapezeka pamalo okwera, kumene mitengo ya thundu ndi birch imamera. Mu August, gawo lachiwiri limapsa, kumapeto kwa chilimwe, ndipo kumapeto kwa chilimwe - kumayambiriro kwa autumn, nthawi ya autumn imabwera. Bowa womwe umamera m'dzinja amatchedwa bowa wobiriwira. Ngati tilingalira kumpoto kwa Dziko Lathu, tundra ndi nkhalango-tundra, ndiye kuti pali gawo la autumn - ena onse amaphatikizana mu August. Chochitika chofanana ndi chomwe chimapezeka m'nkhalango zamapiri.
Zokolola zolemera kwambiri pa nyengo yabwino zimagwera pagawo lachiwiri kapena lachitatu (kumapeto kwa August - September).
Mfundo yakuti bowa amawonekera m'mafunde amafotokozedwa ndi momwe mycelium imapangidwira, pamene bowa wa kapu amayamba kubala zipatso nyengo yonse m'malo mwa nthawi ya kukula kwa zomera. Nthawi ino ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bowa imasiyana kwambiri ndipo imatsimikiziridwa ndi nyengo.
Chifukwa chake, mu champignon yomwe imakula mu wowonjezera kutentha, komwe kumakhala malo abwino kwambiri, kukula kwa mycelium kumatenga masiku 10-12, pambuyo pake zipatso zogwira ntchito zimapitilira masiku 5-7, ndikutsatiridwa ndi kukula kwa mycelium kwa masiku 10. Ndiye kuzungulira kubwereza kachiwiri.
Kufanana kofananako kumapezeka mu bowa wina wobzalidwa: bowa wachisanu, bowa wa oyster, zipere, ndipo izi sizingakhudze luso la kulima kwawo komanso zomwe zimawasamalira.
Kuzungulira kowonekera kwambiri kumawonedwa mukukula bowa m'nyumba molamulidwa. Potseguka, nyengo imakhala ndi chikoka chotsimikizika, chifukwa chomwe zigawo za fruiting zimatha kusuntha.
Kenako, muphunzira mtundu wa bowa wopatsa thanzi komanso momwe izi zimachitikira.
Kodi njira yodyetsera bowa imachitika bwanji: mitundu ndi njira zake
Udindo wa bowa m'gulu lazakudya zapadziko lonse lapansi silingayerekezedwe mopambanitsa, chifukwa amawola zotsalira za zomera motero amatenga nawo gawo pakusintha kosasintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe.
Njira zakuwonongeka kwa zinthu zovuta za organic, monga cellulose ndi lignin, ndizovuta kwambiri mu biology ndi sayansi ya nthaka. Zinthu zimenezi ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu za zomera zinyalala ndi matabwa. Mwa kuwonongeka kwawo, amazindikira kuzungulira kwa mankhwala a kaboni.
Zatsimikiziridwa kuti matani 50-100 biliyoni a zinthu zachilengedwe amapangidwa padziko lapansi chaka chilichonse, ambiri mwa iwo ndi mankhwala a zomera. Chaka chilichonse m'dera la taiga, zinyalala zimasiyanasiyana matani 2 mpaka 7 pa 1 ha, m'nkhalango zowonongeka chiwerengerochi chimafika matani 5-13 pa 1 ha, ndi m'madambo - matani 5-9,5 pa 1 ha.
Ntchito yaikulu pa kuwonongeka kwa zomera zakufa ikuchitika ndi bowa, amene chikhalidwe anapatsidwa mphamvu kuwononga kwambiri mapadi. Izi zitha kufotokozedwa ndikuti bowa ali ndi njira yachilendo yodyetsera, kutanthauza zamoyo za heterotrophic, mwa kuyankhula kwina, kwa zamoyo zomwe zilibe mphamvu zodziyimira pawokha zosinthira zinthu zamoyo kukhala zamoyo.
Pakudya, bowa amayenera kuyamwa zinthu zopangidwa kale zopangidwa ndi zamoyo zina. Izi ndiye kusiyana kwakukulu komanso kofunikira kwambiri pakati pa bowa ndi zomera zobiriwira, zomwe zimatchedwa autotrophs, mwachitsanzo, kupanga zinthu zachilengedwe mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa.
Malingana ndi mtundu wa zakudya, bowa amatha kugawidwa kukhala saprotrophs, omwe amakhala ndi kudya zinthu zakufa, ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zamoyo kuti zipeze zinthu zamoyo.
Mtundu woyamba wa bowa ndi wosiyanasiyana komanso wofala kwambiri. Amaphatikizapo bowa wamkulu kwambiri - macromycetes, ndi microscopic - micromycetes. Malo akuluakulu a bowawa ndi nthaka, yomwe imakhala ndi spores ndi mycelium zosawerengeka. Zowonjezereka ndi bowa wa saprotrophic womwe umamera m'nkhalango.
Mitundu yambiri ya bowa, yotchedwa xylotrophs, yasankha nkhuni kukhala malo awo. Izi zikhoza kukhala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (autumn honey agaric) ndi saprotrophs (wamba tinder bowa, chilimwe uchi agaric, etc.). Kuchokera apa, mwa njira, tikhoza kunena chifukwa chake sikuli koyenera kubzala uchi wa agarics m'munda, kutchire. Ngakhale kufooka kwake, sikusiya kukhala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amatha kupatsira mitengo pamalowo panthawi yochepa, makamaka ngati afooka, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira. Chilimwe uchi agaric, monga bowa wa oyster, ndi saprotrophic kwathunthu, chifukwa chake sichingawononge mitengo yamoyo, yomwe imamera pamitengo yakufa yokha, kotero mutha kusamutsa gawo lapansi ndi mycelium kuchokera m'nyumba kupita kumunda pansi pa mitengo ndi zitsamba.
Chodziwika kwambiri pakati pa otola bowa, autumn honey agaric ndi tizilombo tomwe timawononga kwambiri mizu ya mitengo ndi zitsamba, zomwe zimayambitsa kuvunda. Ngati palibe njira zodzitetezera, ndiye kuti uchi wa agaric womwe umathera m'munda ukhoza kuwononga munda kwa zaka zingapo.
Madzi mutatha kutsuka bowa sayenera kuthiridwa m'munda, pokhapokha mulu wa kompositi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti ili ndi spores ambiri a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndipo, atalowa m'nthaka, amatha kuchoka pamwamba pake kupita kumalo osatetezeka a mitengo, motero amayambitsa matenda awo. Ngozi yowonjezereka ya autumn honey agaric ndikuti bowa, pansi pazifukwa zina, akhoza kukhala saprotroph ndikukhala pa nkhuni zakufa mpaka pali mwayi wofika pamtengo wamoyo.
Autumn honey agaric imapezekanso pamtunda pafupi ndi mitengo. Ulusi wa mycelium wa tiziromboti timalumikizana kwambiri mu zomwe zimatchedwa rhizomorphs (zingwe zakuda-bulauni), zomwe zimatha kufalikira pansi pamtengo kuchokera kumtengo kupita kumtengo, kuluka mizu yawo. Zotsatira zake, agaric wa uchi amawapha m'dera lalikulu la nkhalango. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, matupi a fruiting a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amapangidwa pazingwe zomwe zikukula pansi pa nthaka. Chifukwa chakuti ili patali ndi mitengo, zikuwoneka kuti uchi wa agaric umamera pamtunda, komabe, zingwe zake zirizonse zimagwirizanitsa ndi mizu kapena thunthu la mtengo.
Mukaweta bowa wa autumn, ndikofunikira kuganizira momwe bowa amadyetsedwa: m'kati mwa moyo, spores ndi mbali za mycelium zimadziunjikira, ndipo ngati zidutsa malire ena, zimatha kuyambitsa matenda amitengo, ndipo palibe njira zodzitetezera. thandizani pano.
Ponena za bowa monga champignon, bowa wa oyisitara, zipere, ndi saprotrophs ndipo siziwopsyeza akakula panja.
Zomwe tafotokozazi zikufotokozanso chifukwa chake kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kuswana bowa wamtengo wapatali m'nkhalango (bowa wa porcini, boletus, camelina, butterdish, etc.). The mycelium wa ambiri kapu bowa amamangiriza ku mizu ya zomera, makamaka mitengo, kuchititsa mapangidwe bowa muzu, mwachitsanzo mycorrhiza. Choncho, bowa amatchedwa "mycorrhizal".
Mycorrhiza ndi imodzi mwa mitundu ya symbiosis, yomwe nthawi zambiri imapezeka mu bowa ambiri ndipo mpaka posachedwapa idakhalabe chinsinsi kwa asayansi. Symbiosis yokhala ndi bowa imatha kupanga mbewu zambiri zamitengo ndi zitsamba, ndipo mycelium yomwe ili pansi ndiyomwe imayambitsa kulumikizana koteroko. Imakula pamodzi ndi mizu ndikupanga mikhalidwe yofunikira pakukula kwa mbewu zobiriwira, pomwe imalandira chakudya chokonzekera chokha komanso thupi la fruiting.
Mycelium imakwirira muzu wa mtengo kapena chitsamba chokhala ndi chivundikiro chowundana, makamaka kuchokera kunja, koma pang'ono kulowa mkati. Nthambi zaulere za mycelium (hyphae) zimachoka pachivundikirocho ndipo, zopatukana m'malo osiyanasiyana pansi, m'malo mwatsitsi.
Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chapadera cha zakudya, mothandizidwa ndi hyphae, bowa imayamwa madzi, mchere wamchere ndi zinthu zina zosungunuka, makamaka nitrogenous, kuchokera m'nthaka. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotere kumalowa muzu, ndipo zina zonse zimapita ku bowa lokha kuti apange mycelium ndi matupi a fruiting. Kuphatikiza apo, muzu umapereka bowa ndi zakudya zama carbohydrate.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, asayansi sanathe kufotokoza chifukwa chake mycelium ya bowa wambiri wa nkhalango sakula ngati palibe mitengo pafupi. Only mu 70s. Zaka za m'ma XNUMX zidapezeka kuti bowa samangokhalira kukhazikika pafupi ndi mitengo, kwa iwo derali ndilofunika kwambiri. Chowonadi chotsimikizika mwasayansi chikuwonekera m'mayina a bowa ambiri - boletus, boletus, chitumbuwa, boletus, ndi zina zambiri.
Mycelium wa mycotic bowa amalowa m'nthaka yamitengo mumizu yamitengo. Kwa bowa wotere, symbiosis ndiyofunikira, chifukwa ngati mycelium imatha kukula popanda izo, koma thupi la fruiting ndilokayikitsa.
M'mbuyomu, njira yodyetsera bowa ndi mycorrhiza sinali yofunika kwambiri, chifukwa chake panali zoyesayesa zambiri zosatheka kulima matupi a zipatso zamtchire m'malo opangira, makamaka boletus, omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri pamitundu iyi. Bowa woyera amatha kulowa mu ubale wa symbiotic ndi mitundu pafupifupi 50 yamitengo. Nthawi zambiri m'nkhalango pali symbiosis ndi paini, spruce, birch, beech, thundu, hornbeam. Nthawi yomweyo, mtundu wamtundu wamitengo womwe bowa umapanga mycorrhiza zimakhudza mawonekedwe ake ndi mtundu wa kapu ndi miyendo. Pazonse, pafupifupi mitundu 18 ya bowa yoyera ili payokha. Mtundu wa zipewa umachokera ku mkuwa wakuda mpaka pafupifupi wakuda m'nkhalango za oak ndi beech.
Boletus imapanga mycorrhiza ndi mitundu ina ya birch, kuphatikizapo dwarf birch, yomwe imapezeka mu tundra. Kumeneko mungapeze mitengo ya boletus, yomwe ndi yaikulu kwambiri kuposa ma birch omwewo.
Pali bowa amene amangokumana ndi mtengo winawake. Makamaka, larch butterdish imapanga symbiosis kokha ndi larch, yomwe imawonetsedwa m'dzina lake.
Kwa mitengo yokha, kulumikizana koteroko ndi bowa ndikofunikira kwambiri. Tikayang'ana mchitidwe wobzala nkhalango, tinganene kuti popanda mycorrhiza, mitengo imakula bwino, imakhala yofooka komanso imadwala matenda osiyanasiyana.
Mycorrhizal symbiosis ndizovuta kwambiri. Zoterezi za bowa ndi zomera zobiriwira nthawi zambiri zimatsimikiziridwa ndi chilengedwe. Zomera zikasowa zakudya, "zimadya" nthambi zosinthidwa pang'ono za mycelium, bowa, nawonso, akukumana ndi "njala", amayamba kudya zomwe zili m'maselo a mizu, mwa kuyankhula kwina, amapita ku parasitism.
Limagwirira wa maubale symbiotic ndithu wochenjera ndi tcheru kwambiri zinthu kunja. Izo mwina zochokera parasitism wamba bowa pa mizu ya zomera zobiriwira, amene, m'kupita kwa nthawi kusanduka kwa nthawi yaitali, anasanduka symbiosis wopindulitsa. Milandu yakale kwambiri ya mycorrhiza yamitundu yamitengo yokhala ndi bowa idapezeka ku Upper Carboniferous deposits pafupifupi zaka 300 miliyoni.
Ngakhale kuli kovuta kukulitsa bowa wa mycorrhizal, ndizomveka kuyesa kuswana m'nyumba zachilimwe. Kaya mukuchita bwino kapena ayi zimatengera zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndiye kuti kupambana sikungakhale kotsimikizika apa.