Nchiyani chimakulepheretsani kuchoka ngati simukukhutira ndi ntchito kapena chibwenzi?

"Nthawi zonse ndikapeza kuti ndili pachiwopsezo ndipo ndimamvetsetsa kuti palibe chomwe chidzasinthe, zifukwa zomwe zingatheke zimangobwera m'mutu mwanga chifukwa chake sindiyenera kumusiya. Zimakwiyitsa abwenzi anga chifukwa chomwe ndinganene ndichoti sindikusangalala, koma nthawi yomweyo ndilibe kulimba mtima kuti ndichoke. Ndakhala m'banja zaka 8, m'zaka 3 zapitazi ukwati wakhala chizunzo kwathunthu. Vuto ndi chiyani?"

Zokambiranazi zinandisangalatsa. Ndinadabwa kuti n’chifukwa chiyani zimakhala zovuta kuti anthu achoke, ngakhale atakhala kuti alibe chimwemwe. Ndinamaliza kulemba buku pankhaniyi. Chifukwa chake sikuti mu chikhalidwe chathu chimaonedwa kuti n'kofunika kupirira, kupitiriza kumenyana ndi kusataya mtima. Anthu analengedwa kuti asachoke msanga.

Mfundo yake ndi ya makhalidwe amene atsala pa cholowa chochokera kwa makolo. Zinali zosavuta kupulumuka monga gawo la fuko, kotero anthu akale, poopa zolakwa zosasinthika, sanayese kukhala paokha. Njira zoganiza mosazindikira zikupitilizabe kugwira ntchito ndikuwongolera zisankho zomwe timapanga. Iwo amapita ku mapeto a imfa. Momwe mungatulukemo? Chinthu choyamba ndicho kudziwa njira zomwe zimalepheretsa kuchitapo kanthu.

Timaopa kutaya "ndalama"

Dzina la sayansi la chochitika ichi ndi kulephera kwa mtengo wozama. Malingaliro amawopa kutaya nthawi, khama, ndalama zomwe tawononga kale. Mkhalidwe woterowo umawoneka woyenerera, wololera ndi wodalirika—kodi munthu wachikulire sayenera kusamala ndalama zake?

Kwenikweni sichoncho. Chilichonse chomwe mudakhala chapita kale, ndipo simudzabwereranso «ndalama». Kulakwitsa kwamaganizidwe uku kukulepheretsani - "Ndataya kale zaka khumi za moyo wanga paukwati uno, ngati ndichoka pano, nthawi yonseyo idzawonongeka!" - ndikukulepheretsani kuganizira zomwe tingakwaniritse mchaka chimodzi, ziwiri kapena zisanu, ngati titasankhabe kuchoka.

Timadzinyenga tokha powona zomwe zikuyenda bwino pomwe palibe.

Mbali ziwiri za ubongo zikhoza "kuyamika" chifukwa cha izi - chizolowezi chowonera "pafupifupi kupambana" ngati kupambana kwenikweni ndi kukhudzana ndi kulimbikitsana kwapakatikati. Zinthu izi ndi zotsatira za chisinthiko.

“Kutsala pang’ono Kupambana,” kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti, kumathandizira kukulitsa kumwerekera kwa kasino ndi juga. Ngati zizindikiro zofanana za 3 mwa 4 zidagwera pa makina olowetsa, izi sizikuwonjezera mwayi woti nthawi ina zonse 4 zidzakhala zofanana, koma ubongo umatsimikiza kuti jackpot idzakhala yathu. Ubongo umachita "pafupifupi kupambana" mofanana ndi kupambana kwenikweni.

Kuphatikiza pa izi, ubongo umalandira zomwe zimatchedwa intermittent reinforcement. Pakuyesa kwina, katswiri wa zamaganizo wa ku America Burres Skinner anaika makoswe atatu anjala m’zipinda zokhala ndi zoleva. Mu khola loyamba, makina onse osindikizira a lever anapatsa makoswe chakudya. Khosweyo atangozindikira zimenezi, anayamba kuchita zinthu zina n’kuiwala za chitsulocho mpaka anamva njala.

Mu khola lachiwiri, kukanikiza chingwe sichinachite kanthu, ndipo makoswe ataphunzira izi, nthawi yomweyo anaiwala za lever. Koma mu khola lachitatu, khoswe, mwa kukanikiza chotchinga, nthawi zina analandira chakudya, ndipo nthawi zina osati. Izi zimatchedwa intermittent reinforcement. Zotsatira zake, nyamayo idapenga, kukanikiza chotchingacho.

Kulimbitsa kwakanthawi kumakhudzanso ubongo wamunthu. Ngati zochita zikupereka zotsatira nthawi zina, izi zimadzutsa kulimbikira kwapadera ndikupereka chiyembekezo chopanda chifukwa. Ndizotheka kwambiri kuti ubongo utenge vuto la munthu payekha, kukokomeza tanthauzo lake, ndikutitsimikizira kuti ndi gawo lazomwe zimachitika.

Mwachitsanzo, mwamuna kapena mkazi wanu anachita monga momwe munapempha, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kukayikira kutha ndipo ubongo umafuula kuti: "Zonse zikhala bwino! Anakhala bwino." Kenako mnzakeyo amatenga zakale, ndipo timaganizanso kuti sipadzakhala banja losangalala, ndiye popanda chifukwa, iye amakhala wachikondi komanso wosamala, ndipo timaganizanso kuti: "Inde! Zonse zikhala bwino! Chikondi chimagonjetsa zonse!”

Timaopa kwambiri kutaya zakale kuposa momwe timafunira kupeza zatsopano.

Tonse ndi okonzeka. Katswiri wa zamaganizo Daniel Kahneman analandira Mphotho ya Nobel mu Economics chifukwa chotsimikizira kuti anthu amapanga zisankho zowopsa makamaka pakufuna kupeŵa kutaya. Mutha kudziona kuti ndinu munthu wodekha, koma umboni wasayansi ukusonyeza kuti sichoncho.

Kuwunika zopindulitsa zomwe zingatheke, ndife okonzeka pafupifupi chirichonse kuti tipewe kutayika kotsimikizika. Malingaliro oti "musataye zomwe muli nazo" amakula chifukwa pansi pamtima tonse ndife osamala. Ndipo ngakhale titakhala opanda cimwemwe, pali cinthu cina cimene sitifuna kutaya, makamaka ngati sitikuganizila zimene zidzatiyembekezele m’tsogolo.

Ndipo chotulukapo chake nchiyani? Tikaganizira zimene tingataye, zimakhala ngati timange maunyolo kumapazi athu ndi zolemera zolemera makilogalamu 50. Nthawi zina ife tokha timakhala chopinga chomwe chiyenera kugonjetsedwa kuti tisinthe china chake m'moyo.