Zilumba zazikulu 10 zapadziko lathu lapansi

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Zilumba ndizosiyana. Pali zilumba za mitsinje ndi nyanja, zomwe ndi gawo laling'ono chabe la dziko lapansi, pali nsonga za mapiri otsekedwa ndi nyanja ndi matanthwe a coral omwe akukwera pamwamba pa madzi. Ndipo pali omwe amasiyana pang'ono ndi makontinenti - ndi awoawo, nyengo yapadera, zomera ndi zinyama, anthu okhazikika. Chachikulu kwambiri mwa zilumbazi chidzakambidwa pano.

Zilumba zazikulu kwambiri za dziko lathu lapansi

Malo 1: Greenland (2 km²)

Malingaliro: 5.0

Chilumba chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi potengera dera - Greenland - ili pafupi ndi North America, kumpoto chakum'mawa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndale zimatchedwa ku Ulaya - izi ndi katundu wa Denmark. Gawo lachilumbachi limakhala ndi anthu 58.

Magombe a Greenland amatsukidwa ndi nyanja za Atlantic ndi Arctic kuchokera kumbali zosiyanasiyana. Zoposa 80% za gawoli zimakutidwa ndi madzi oundana omwe amafika kutalika kwa 3300 metres kuchokera kumpoto ndi 2730 metres kuchokera kumwera. Madzi owundana akhala akuwunjikana kuno kwa zaka 150. Komabe, ino si nthawi yayitali kwambiri kuti pakhale madzi oundana amtunduwu. Ndilolemera kwambiri kotero kuti pansi pa kulemera kwake kutsika kwa dziko lapansi kumatsika - m'malo ena madontho ofikira mamita 360 pansi pa nyanja amapangidwa.

Chigawo chakum'mawa kwa chilumbachi sichimakhudzidwa ndi kupsinjika kwa ayezi. Nawa malo okwera kwambiri ku Greenland - mapiri a Gunbjorn ndi Trout, okhala ndi kutalika kwa 3700 ndi 3360 metres, motsatana. Komanso, mapiriwa akupanga mbali yonse yapakati pa chisumbucho, koma kumeneko n’kotsekedwa ndi madzi oundana.

Mzere wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi wopapatiza - woonda kuposa 250 metres. Zonsezi zimadulidwa ndi ma fjords - kupita kumtunda, malo opapatiza komanso okhotakhota. Magombe a fjords amapangidwa ndi matanthwe okwera mpaka kilomita imodzi ndipo amakutidwa ndi zomera. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zomera za Greenland ndizosowa - gawo lakum'mwera kwa nyanja, lopanda madzi oundana, limakhala ndi phulusa lamapiri, alder, juniper, dwarf birch ndi zitsamba. Chifukwa chake, nyamazi ndizosauka - ng'ombe za musk ndi mphalapala zimadya zomera, nazonso, zimakhala ngati chakudya cha nkhandwe za polar, nkhandwe zakumtunda ndi zimbalangondo zakumpoto zimakhalanso pachilumbachi.

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha Greenland imayamba mu 983, pamene Vikings anafika pa izo ndipo anayamba kukhazikitsa midzi yawo. Apa ndi pamene dzina la Grønland lidawuka, kutanthauza "malo obiriwira" - obwerawo adakondwera ndi zobiriwira zomwe zili m'mphepete mwa magombe a fjords. Mu 1262, anthu atatembenukira ku Chikhristu, gawolo linatumizidwa ku Norway. Mu 1721, Denmark idayamba kulanda Greenland, ndipo mu 1914 idalowa m'manja mwa Denmark ngati koloni, ndipo mu 1953 idakhala gawo lake. Tsopano ndi gawo lodzilamulira la Ufumu wa Denmark.

Malo achiwiri: New Guinea (2 km²)

Malingaliro: 4.9

New Guinea ili kumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean, kumpoto kwa Australia, komwe imasiyanitsidwa ndi Torres Strait. Chilumbachi chimagawidwa ndi dziko la Indonesia, lomwe lili ndi gawo lakumadzulo, ndi Papua New Guinea, lomwe lili kum’mawa. Chiwerengero chonse cha pachilumbachi ndi anthu 7,5 miliyoni.

Chilumbachi chimakutidwa ndi mapiri - Mapiri a Bismarck m'chigawo chapakati, Owen Stanley chakumpoto chakum'mawa. Malo okwera kwambiri ndi phiri la Wilhelm, lomwe nsonga yake ili pamtunda wa mamita 4509 pamwamba pa nyanja. New Guinea ili ndi mapiri ophulika ndipo zivomezi ndizofala.

Zomera ndi zinyama za ku New Guinea ndi zofanana ndi za ku Australia - poyamba inali mbali ya dziko lino. Nthawi zambiri zomera zachilengedwe zotetezedwa - nkhalango zamvula. Pali zambiri zomwe zakhala zikuchitika - zosungidwa m'gawo lake - zomera ndi zinyama: pakati pa mitundu ya zomera 11000 yomwe imapezeka pano, pali ma orchids apadera a 2,5 zikwi. Pali mitengo ya kanjedza ya sago, kokonati, nsapato, mitengo yazipatso za mkate, nzimbe pachilumbachi, araucaria ambiri pakati pa ma conifers.

Nyamazi sizikuphunziridwa bwino, mitundu yatsopano ikupezekabe. Pali mtundu wapadera wa kangaroo - kangaroo wa Goodfellow, womwe umasiyana ndi waku Australia wokhala ndi miyendo zazifupi zakumbuyo zomwe sizilola kulumpha kutali. Choncho, nthawi zambiri, mtundu uwu susuntha pansi, koma pakati pa korona wa mitengo - nyamayi imakhala m'nkhalango zotentha kwambiri.

Anthu a ku Ulaya asanatulukire chilumbachi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1960, madera akale a ku Indonesia anali kuno. Utsamunda wa New Guinea udayamba m'zaka za zana la XNUMX - Russia, Germany, Great Britain ndi Netherlands zidalamulira gawolo. Eni ake a boma adasintha kangapo, pambuyo pa kutha kwa nthawi ya atsamunda m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, Netherlands ndi Australia - eni eni ake pachilumbachi - adaganiza zopanga dziko limodzi lodziimira pano. Komabe, Indonesia inabweretsa asilikali ndipo inalanda mbali ya kumadzulo, kuphwanya mapulani awo, choncho tsopano pali mayiko awiri pano.

Malo achitatu: Kalimantan (3 km²)

Malingaliro: 4.8

Kalimantan ndi chisumbu chakumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, pakatikati pa zisumbu za Malay. Mzere wa equator umadutsa pafupifupi pakati pake. Chilumbachi chimagawidwa ndi mayiko atatu - Indonesia, Malaysia ndi Brunei, Amalay amachitcha Borneo. Anthu 21 miliyoni amakhala kuno.

Nyengo ku Kalimantan ndi equatorial. Chipulumutsocho chimakhala chathyathyathya, gawoli limakutidwa ndi nkhalango zakale. Mapiri ali pakatikati - pamtunda wa mamita 750 amakutidwanso ndi nkhalango zotentha, pamwamba pake amasinthidwa ndi osakaniza, ndi mitengo ya oak ndi coniferous, yomwe ili pamtunda wa makilomita awiri - ndi madambo ndi zitsamba. M’nkhalango mumakhala nyama zosowa kwambiri monga zimbalangondo za ku Malaya, anyani a ku Kalimantan, ndi anyani otchedwa proboscis. Pazomera, Rafflesia Arnold ndi wosangalatsa - maluwa ake ndi akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, amafika mita m'lifupi ndikulemera 12 kg.

Anthu a ku Ulaya anaphunzira za kukhalapo kwa chilumbachi mu 1521, pamene Magellan anafika kuno ndi ulendo wake. Kumene zombo za Magellan zinaima kunali Sultanate wa Brunei - kuchokera kumeneko dzina la Chingerezi Kalimantan, Borneo, linachokera. Tsopano Brunei ali ndi 1% yokha ya gawolo, 26% ndi Malaysia, ena onse ndi Indonesia. Anthu a ku Kalimantan amakhala makamaka m’mphepete mwa mitsinje, m’nyumba zoyandama, ndipo amapeza ndalama zopezera zofunika pa moyo.

Nkhalango, zomwe zakhala zaka 140 miliyoni, zakhalabe zolimba. Komabe, mavuto a zachilengedwe abuka tsopano chifukwa cha ntchito ya mafakitale a matabwa ku Indonesia ndi Malaysia, kukolola mitengo yoti atumize kunja, ndi kudula malo olimapo. Kugwetsa nkhalango kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa mitundu ya nyama zosawerengeka - mwachitsanzo, orangutan ya Kalimantan ikhoza kutha posachedwa ngati palibe njira zopulumutsira mitundu iyi.

Malo a 4: Madagascar (587 km²)

Malingaliro: 4.7

Madagascar - chilumba chodziwika kwa ambiri kuchokera ku zojambula za dzina lomwelo - ili kum'mawa kwa kum'mwera kwa Africa. Dziko la Madagascar lili pamenepo - dziko lokhalo padziko lapansi lomwe lili pachilumba chimodzi. Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi 20 miliyoni.

Madagascar imatsukidwa ndi madzi a Indian Ocean, olekanitsidwa ndi Africa ndi Mozambique Channel. Nyengo pachilumbachi ndi yotentha, kutentha ndi 20-30 °. Malowa ndi osiyanasiyana - pali mapiri, mapiri ophulika, zigwa ndi mapiri. Malo okwera kwambiri ndi phiri la Marumukutru, 2876 metres. Derali limakutidwa ndi nkhalango zamvula, ma savannas, chipululu, mangrove, madambo, matanthwe a coral omwe ali pamphepete mwa nyanja.

Chilumbachi chinachoka ku India zaka 88 miliyoni zapitazo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, zomera ndi zinyama za ku Madagascar zakula paokha, ndipo 80% ya mitundu yomwe ilipo panopa ndi yapadera kudera lake. Kokha kuno kumakhala ma lemurs - banja losatha la anyani. Pakati pazomera, chosangalatsa kwambiri ndi Ravenala - mtengo wokhala ndi masamba akulu ngati nthochi omwe amachokera ku thunthu. Masamba odulidwa amaunjikana madzi, omwe woyenda amatha kumwa nthawi zonse.

Madagascar ndi dziko lotukuka kumene. Tourism ndi gwero la kukula kwachuma - apaulendo amakopeka ndi malo osiyanasiyana, matanthwe a coral, magombe ndi nyengo yofunda, mapiri osaphulika. Chilumbachi chikhoza kutchedwa "continent in miniature" - m'dera laling'ono pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malo, malo achilengedwe ndi zachilengedwe, mitundu ya moyo. Komabe, mahotela apamwamba ku Madagascar sapezeka. Anthu olimba, osamva kutentha, okonda kufunsa amabwera kuno, osayang'ana chitonthozo, koma zokumana nazo zatsopano.

Malo achisanu: Baffin Island (5 km²)

Malingaliro: 4.6

Chilumba cha Baffin ndi chilumba cha North America chomwe chili ku Canada. Chifukwa cha nyengo yovuta - 60% ya chilumbachi chili mkati mwa Arctic Circle - anthu 11 okha amakhala pamenepo. 9000 mwa iwo ndi Inuit, oimira amodzi mwa mafuko a Eskimos omwe amakhala kuno Azungu asanafike, ndipo anthu 2 zikwizikwi omwe si amwenye. Greenland ili pamtunda wa makilomita 400 kummawa.

Magombe a Baffin Island, monga a ku Greenland, ali m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Nyengo pano ndi yoopsa kwambiri, chifukwa cha zomera - zitsamba za tundra, lichens ndi mosses. Nyama nazonso sizikhala zolemera kuno - pali mitundu 12 yokha ya zinyama zomwe zimafanana ndi kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi: chimbalangondo cha polar, reindeer, nkhandwe ya ku arctic, polar hare, mitundu iwiri ya nkhandwe zakumtunda. Pazigawozi, Baffin wolf ndi yaying'ono kwambiri mwa mimbulu ya polar, yomwe, komabe, imawoneka yayikulu kwambiri chifukwa cha malaya aatali komanso obiriwira.

A Eskimos anafika kudziko lino zaka 4000 zapitazo. Ma Viking adabweranso kuno, koma nyengo idakhala yowawa kwambiri kwa iwo, ndipo sanapezeke pachilumbachi. Mu 1616, malowa anapezeka ndi woyendetsa ngalawa wa ku England dzina lake William Buffin, amene anatengera dzina lake. Ngakhale kuti Baffin Land tsopano ndi ya ku Canada, anthu a ku Ulaya mpaka pano aidziŵa bwino lomwe. Anthu amtundu wamtunduwu amakhala ndi moyo womwewo kuyambira pomwe adafika kuno - akugwira ntchito yopha nsomba ndi kusaka. Mizinda yonse ili m'mphepete mwa nyanja, maulendo asayansi okha ndi omwe amapita mozama.

Malo a 6: Sumatra (473 km²)

Malingaliro: 4.5

Sumatra ndi chilumba cha Malay Archipelago, chomwe chili kumadzulo kwake. Ndi ku Greater Sunda Islands. Ndi eni ake a Indonesia. Sumatra imakhala ndi anthu 50,6 miliyoni.

Chilumbachi chili pa equator, zero latitude chimachigawa pakati. Chifukwa nyengo pano ndi yotentha komanso yonyowa - kutentha kumasungidwa pamlingo wa 25-27 °, kumagwa mvula tsiku lililonse. Dera la Sumatra kumwera chakumadzulo lili ndi mapiri, kumpoto chakum'mawa kuli zigwa. Pali kuphulika kwa mapiri ndi zivomezi zamphamvu (7-8 points) pano.

Chilengedwe ku Sumatra ndi momwe zimakhalira kumtunda kwa equatorial - pafupifupi 30% ya gawoli lili ndi nkhalango zotentha. Pazigwa ndi mapiri otsika, madera a mitengo amapangidwa ndi kanjedza, ficuses, nsungwi, lianas ndi ferns zamitengo; pamtunda wa kilomita imodzi ndi theka amasinthidwa ndi nkhalango zosakanikirana. Zinyama pano ndizolemera kwambiri - anyani, amphaka akulu, chipembere, njovu zaku India, mbalame zokongola ndi anthu ena okhala ku equator. Pali mitundu ina ya orangutan ya Sumatran ndi nyalugwe. Malo omwe nyamazi zingakhalire akucheperachepera chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, ndipo nawonso, chiwerengerocho chikucheperachepera. Akambuku, atasowa malo okhala, amayamba kuukira anthu.

Maiko aku Sumatra akhalapo kuyambira zaka za zana la XNUMX - mpaka chilumbachi chidalamulidwa ndi Netherlands m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, angapo aiwo adasinthidwa. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, mkubwela kwa dziko la Indonesia lodziyimira pawokha, gawolo lidayamba kukhala lake.

Malo a 7: Great Britain (229 km²)

Malingaliro: 4.4

Chilumba cha Great Britain ndicho chilumba chachikulu cha United Kingdom, chimapanga 95% ya gawo la dzikolo. Pano pali London, ambiri ku England, Scotland ndi Wales, amakhala mwa anthu 60,8 miliyoni.

Nyengo pachilumbachi ndi yam'madzi - pali mvula yambiri, ndipo kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kwa nyengo kumakhala kochepa. UK imadziwika ndi mvula yosatha, yachaka chonse, ndipo anthu sawona dzuwa. Mitsinje yambiri yodzaza kwambiri imadutsa pachilumbachi (chodziwika kwambiri ndi mtsinje wa Thames), madzi oundana amakhala m'nyanja, kuphatikizapo loch Ness wotchuka wa ku Scottish. Kum'maŵa ndi kum'mwera kumadutsa m'mapiri, kumpoto ndi kumadzulo mpumulo umakhala wamapiri, mapiri amawoneka.

Zomera ndi zinyama zaku Great Britain sizolemera chifukwa chochotsedwa kumtunda komanso kutukuka kwamatauni. Nkhalango zimangotenga gawo laling'ono la gawoli - makamaka zigwa zomwe zimakhala ndi malo olima komanso madambo. M'mapiri muli mitengo yambiri ya peat ndi moorlands kumene nkhosa zimadyetserako. Malo ambiri osungirako nyama apangidwa kuti atetezere zotsalira za chilengedwe.

Anthu akhala pachilumbachi kuyambira nthawi zakale, zizindikiro zoyambirira za anthu zili pafupi zaka 800 - inali imodzi mwa mitundu yakale ya Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens adafika padziko lapansi pano pafupifupi zaka 30 zapitazo, pamene chilumbachi chinali chikadali cholumikizidwa kumtunda - zaka 8000 zokha zapita kuchokera kuzimiririka kwa mtolo uwu. Pambuyo pake, gawo lalikulu la Great Britain linalandidwa ndi Ufumu wa Roma.

Pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Roma, chilumbachi chinakhazikitsidwa ndi mafuko achijeremani. Mu 1066, a Normans adagonjetsa England, pomwe Scotland idakhalabe yodziyimira pawokha, Wales adagwidwa ndikulandidwa ku England pambuyo pake, pofika zaka za 1707th. Mu XNUMX, potsiriza, dziko latsopano lodziyimira palokha lidawuka, lilanda chilumba chonsecho ndikutchula dzina lake - Great Britain.

Malo a 8: Honshu (227 km²)

Malingaliro: 4.3

Honshu ndiye chilumba chachikulu kwambiri chazilumba za Japan, chomwe chili ndi 60% ya gawo la dzikoli. Pano pali Tokyo ndi mizinda ina yayikulu ku Japan - Kyoto, Hiroshima, Osaka, Yokohama. Anthu onse pachilumbachi ndi 104 miliyoni.

Dera la Honshu lili ndi mapiri, ndipamene chizindikiro cha Japan - Fuji, kutalika kwa mamita 3776, chili. Pali mapiri, kuphatikizapo amphamvu, pali zivomezi. Nthawi zambiri, chifukwa cha zivomezi, unyinji wa anthu umakakamizika kusiya nyumba zawo. Japan ili ndi imodzi mwa njira zapamwamba kwambiri zopulumutsira anthu padziko lapansi.

Nyengo ya ku Japan ndi yotentha, ndi nyengo yamvula m'chilimwe ndi yophukira. Zima zimakhala zozizira kwambiri, kutentha kumafanana ndi ku Moscow. Chilimwe chimakhala chotentha komanso chinyontho, ndipo mphepo yamkuntho imakhala yofala kwambiri m'nyengo ino. Dzikoli lili ndi zomera zolemera komanso zosiyanasiyana - kum'mwera ndi nkhalango za oak-chestnut, kumpoto - nkhalango zowonongeka zomwe zimakhala ndi beech ndi mapulo. Mbalame zosamukira ku Siberia ndi China nyengo yozizira ku Honshu, mimbulu, nkhandwe, akalulu, agologolo, agwape amakhala.

Anthu okhala pachilumbachi ndi Ajapani ndi Ainu. Pofika zaka za zana la XNUMX, Ainu anali atathamangitsidwa pano kupita kuchilumba chakumpoto cha Hokkaido.

Malo a 9: Victoria (217 km²)

Malingaliro: 4.2

Victoria ndi chilumba ku Canadian Arctic Archipelago, chachiwiri chachikulu pambuyo pa Baffin Island. Dera lake ndi lalikulu kuposa gawo la Belarus, koma chiwerengero cha anthu ndi ochepa kwambiri - anthu oposa 2000 okha.

Maonekedwe a Victoria ndi ovuta, okhala ndi malo ambiri ndi ma peninsulas. Dera la m'mphepete mwa nyanja lili ndi nsomba zambiri, zisindikizo ndi ma walrus nthawi zambiri amayendera kuno, anamgumi ndi zinsomba zakupha zimabwera m'chilimwe. Nyengo kuno ndi yotentha kwambiri komanso yocheperako kuposa pachilumba cha Baffin, chofanana ndi Mediterranean. Zomera zimayamba kuphuka mu February - panthawiyi alendo nthawi zambiri amabwera kuno. Mitengo ya pachilumbachi imaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, malo osungiramo nyama komanso malo osungirako zachilengedwe adapangidwa kuti awasunge.

Mzinda waukulu kwambiri ku Victoria ndi Cambridge Bay. Mudziwu uli kum’mwera kwa chilumbachi, ndipo kuli anthu chikwi chimodzi ndi theka. Anthu a m’dzikoli amakhala ndi moyo wopha nsomba ndi kusaka nyama za m’nyanja, ndipo amalankhula Chieskimo ndi Chingelezi. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale nthawi zina amapita kumudzi.

Malo a 10: Ellesmere (196 km²)

Malingaliro: 4.1

Ellesmere ndiye chilumba chakumpoto kwenikweni kwa zisumbu zaku Canada, zomwe zili pamwamba pa Arctic Circle, pafupi ndi Greenland. Derali silikhala anthu - pali anthu zana limodzi ndi theka la anthu okhazikika.

Mphepete mwa nyanja ya Ellesmere imalowetsedwa ndi ma fjords. Chilumbachi chili ndi madzi oundana, miyala ndi matalala. Polar usana ndi usiku kuno kumakhala kwa miyezi isanu. M'nyengo yozizira, kutentha kumatsika mpaka -50 °, m'chilimwe nthawi zambiri sikudutsa 7 °, nthawi zina kumakwera mpaka 21 °. Nthaka imasungunuka masentimita angapo, chifukwa palibe mitengo pano, ndere, mosses, komanso poppies ndi zomera zina za herbaceous zimakula. Kupatulapo ndi kufupi ndi nyanja ya Hazen, komwe misondodzi, sedge, heather ndi saxifrage zimamera.

Ngakhale kuti zomera zili ndi umphaŵi, nyamazo si osauka kwambiri. Mbalame zimakhala pa Ellesmere - arctic tern, akadzidzi achisanu, tundra partridges. Mwa nyama zoyamwitsa, polar hares, ng'ombe za musk, mimbulu zimapezeka pano - madera am'deralo amatchedwa nkhandwe ya chilumba cha Melville, ndi yaying'ono ndipo imakhala ndi malaya opepuka.

Pali malo atatu okha pachilumbachi - Alert, Eureka ndi Gris Fjord. Chidziwitso ndi malo okhala kumpoto kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, okhalamo asanu okha okhalamo, asitikali ndi akatswiri a zakuthambo amakhalanso momwemo. Eureka ndi malo asayansi ndipo Gris Fjord ndi mudzi wa Inuit wokhala ndi anthu 130.

Chenjerani! Zinthuzi ndizokhazikika, sizotsatsa ndipo sizikhala ngati chitsogozo pakugula. Musanagule, muyenera kukaonana ndi katswiri.