Mbiri yochepa ya Psilocybe
Panopa mtundu (Psilocybe) ali ndi mitundu pafupifupi 20. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mitundu ya ku America ndi Asia imaphunziridwa bwino. Mitundu yamtunduwu ndi yamitundumitundu ndipo imapezeka pafupifupi m'makontinenti onse. Bowa wamtundu saprotrophs. Amakhazikika panthaka, nthambi zakufa ndi tsinde la zomera, zimapezeka pa utuchi, ambiri amakhala pa sphagnum bogs, peat, ndi manyowa. Amapezeka m'nkhalango pa humus m'nkhalango. Chikhalidwe cha bowa ambiri ndi malo awo m'nthaka ya madambo. Chifukwa chake, iwo ndi amtundu wa helophytic.
Ali ndi ntchito zawozawo. M'mipukutu ina yazaka za zana la XNUMX ndi XNUMX, yomwe imafotokoza chikhalidwe cha Aaztec chomwe chinasowa, pamatchulidwa za miyambo yaku India, momwe adagwiritsa ntchito bowa zomwe zimayambitsa ziwonetsero. Maonekedwe a bowa ena ankadziwika kwa ansembe a mtundu wa Maya ku Mexico wakale, omwe ankawagwiritsa ntchito pa miyambo yachipembedzo. Bowawa akhala akudyedwa ku Central America kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri. Amwenyewa amawaona kuti ndi bowa waumulungu. Ngakhale zithunzi za miyala za bowa, zolemekezedwa ndi Amwenye monga mulungu, zapezedwa.
Komabe, ali ndi ntchito zawozawo. M'mipukutu ina yazaka za zana la XNUMX ndi XNUMX, yomwe imafotokoza chikhalidwe cha Aaztec chomwe chinasowa, pamatchulidwa za miyambo yaku India, momwe adagwiritsa ntchito bowa zomwe zimayambitsa ziwonetsero. Maonekedwe a bowa ena ankadziwika kwa ansembe a mtundu wa Maya ku Mexico wakale, omwe ankawagwiritsa ntchito pa miyambo yachipembedzo. Bowawa akhala akudyedwa ku Central America kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri. Amwenyewa amawaona kuti ndi bowa waumulungu. Ngakhale zithunzi za miyala za bowa, zolemekezedwa ndi Amwenye monga mulungu, zapezedwa.
Chinthu cha hallucinogenic chotchedwa psilocybin chasiyanitsidwa ndi bowa wamtundu. Pakadali pano, mankhwalawa amapangidwa kunja ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda ena amisala. Komabe, zinthu alireza amakhala owopsa kwambiri hallucinogenic mankhwala ngati si ntchito zolinga zachipatala, popanda kuyang'aniridwa ndi achipatala.
Pofika pano alireza amapezeka mu bowa wina kuchokera ku genera paneolus, stropharia, anellaria. Pafupifupi mitundu 25 tsopano imatchedwa bowa wa hallucinogenic, omwe 75% ndi oimira psilocybe genus, mwachitsanzo Psilocybe caerulescens, Psilocybe semilanceata, Psilocybe pelliculosa, Psilocybe cubensis.
koma alireza mu bowa wa hallucinogenic pali chinthu china chomwe chimakhalanso ndi psychotropic - psilocin, ofanana m'mapangidwe a psilocybin. Mu bowa wa genera Stropharia ndi Psilocybe, komanso mu mtundu wa Paneolus, zotumphukira za indole (tryptamine, etc.) zapezeka, zomwe zimakhala ndi anticoagulant panjira za fibrinogen.