Zikuoneka kuti chizolowezi chopha zamoyo kenako n’kuzidya chilibe malire. Mungaganize kuti mazana mamiliyoni a nyama zomwe zimaphedwa ku UK chaka chilichonse ndizokwanira kukonzekera zakudya zosiyanasiyana zosangalatsa kwa aliyense, koma anthu ena sakhutira ndi zomwe ali nazo ndipo nthawi zonse amayang'ana zatsopano pa maphwando awo. .
Pakapita nthawi, nyama zochulukirachulukira zachilendo zimawonekera pazakudya zodyeramo. Tsopano mutha kuwona kale nthiwatiwa, emus, zinziri, zingwe, kangaroo, mbalame zakugwa, njati komanso agwape. Posachedwapa padzakhala chilichonse chimene chingayende, kukwawa, kudumpha kapena kuuluka. Imodzi ndi imodzi, timatenga nyama zakutchire ndikuzitsekera. Zolengedwa zonga nthiwatiwa, zomwe zimakhala m’magulu a mabanja awo ndipo zimathamanga momasuka m’nkhalango za ku Africa, zimaloŵetsedwa m’makhola ang’onoang’ono, auve ku Britain kozizira.
Kuyambira pomwe anthu asankha kuti adye nyama inayake, kusintha kumayamba. Mwadzidzidzi aliyense amakhala ndi chidwi ndi moyo wa nyama - momwe ndi kumene ikukhala, zomwe imadya, momwe imabereka komanso momwe imafera. Ndipo kusintha kulikonse kumakhala koipitsitsa. Zotsatira zomaliza za kulowererapo kwa anthu nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolengedwa zatsoka, zachibadwa, zomwe anthu ayesa kuzimitsa ndikuwononga. Tikusintha nyama kwambiri moti pamapeto pake sizitha kuberekana popanda kuthandizidwa ndi anthu.
Luso la asayansi losintha nyama likukulirakulira tsiku lililonse. Mothandizidwa ndi zochitika zamakono zamakono - genetic engineering, mphamvu zathu zilibe malire, tikhoza kuchita chirichonse. Genetic engineering imachita ndi kusintha kwachilengedwe, nyama ndi anthu. Mukayang'ana thupi la munthu, zingawoneke zachilendo kuti ndi dongosolo lonse lolamulidwa, koma kwenikweni liri. Madontho aliwonse, mole iliyonse, kutalika, mtundu wamaso ndi tsitsi, kuchuluka kwa zala ndi zala zala zala, mbali zonse za dongosolo lovuta kwambiri. (Ndikukhulupirira kuti zimenezi n’zomveka. Gulu la anthu omanga likafika pamalo enaake n’kumanga nyumba yosanja italiitali, silinena kuti, “Mukayambire pakona iyo, tidzamanga apa, ndipo tidzaona zimene zidzachitike.” Iwo ali ndi mapulojekiti pomwe zonse zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kusanachitike wononga komaliza.) Mofananamo, ndi nyama. Kupatula kuti pa nyama iliyonse palibe ndondomeko imodzi kapena polojekiti, koma mamiliyoni.
Nyama (ndi anthunso) amapangidwa ndi mamiliyoni mazana a maselo, ndipo pakati pa selo lililonse pali phata. Khothi lililonse lili ndi molekyu ya DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) yomwe imanyamula zinthu zokhudza majini. Ndiwo dongosolo lomwe limapanga thupi linalake. Ndizotheka kukulitsa chinyama kuchokera ku selo limodzi laling'ono kwambiri lomwe silingathe kuwonedwa ndi maso. Monga mukudziwira, mwana aliyense amayamba kukula kuchokera ku selo lomwe limapezeka pamene umuna umagwirizana ndi dzira. Selo limeneli lili ndi majini osakanikirana, theka lake ndi dzira la mayi, ndipo theka lina ndi la umuna wa bambo. Selo limayamba kugawanika ndi kukula, ndipo majini ali ndi udindo wowonekera kwa mwana wosabadwa - mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa thupi, ngakhale pa mlingo wa kukula ndi chitukuko.
Apanso, n’zotheka kusakaniza majini a nyama imodzi ndi nyama ina kuti apange chinachake pakati. Kale mu 1984, asayansi ku Institute of Animal Physiology, ku UK, akhoza kupanga chinachake pakati pa mbuzi ndi nkhosa. Komabe, n’zosavuta kutenga tizigawo ting’onoting’ono ta DNA kapena jini imodzi ya nyama kapena chomera n’kuika pa nyama kapena chomera china. Njira yotereyi imachitika kumayambiriro kwa chiyambi cha moyo, pamene nyamayo idakali yaikulu kwambiri kuposa dzira lokhala ndi umuna, ndipo pamene ikukula, jini yatsopano imakhala mbali ya nyamayi ndipo pang'onopang'ono imasintha. Njira yopangira ma genetic iyi yakhala bizinesi yeniyeni.
Makampeni akuluakulu apadziko lonse lapansi akuwononga mabiliyoni a mapaundi pa kafukufuku mderali, makamaka kuti apange mitundu yatsopano yazakudya. Choyamba "zakudya zosinthidwa chibadwa" zikuyamba kuwoneka m'masitolo padziko lonse lapansi. Mu 1996, chivomerezo chinaperekedwa ku UK kugulitsa tomato puree, mafuta a rapeseed ndi yisiti ya mkate, zonse zopangidwa ndi majini. Si malo ogulitsa aku UK okha omwe amafunikira kudziwitsa za zakudya zomwe zasinthidwa. Chifukwa chake, mongoyerekeza, mutha kugula pitsa yomwe ili ndi zonse zitatu zomwe zili pamwambapa, ndipo simudzadziwa za izo.
Simudziwanso ngati nyama zimayenera kuvutika kuti mudye zomwe mukufuna. Pakafukufuku wa majini opanga nyama, nyama zina zimavutika, ndikhulupirireni. Limodzi mwa masoka oyamba odziwika a genetic engineering anali cholengedwa chatsoka ku America chotchedwa Beltsville pig. Imayenera kukhala nkhumba yapamwamba kwambiri, kuti ikule mofulumira komanso kuti ikhale yonenepa, asayansi anayambitsa jini ya kukula kwaumunthu mu DNA yake. Ndipo adaweta nkhumba yayikulu, yopweteka nthawi zonse. Nkhumba ya Beltsville inali ndi nyamakazi yosatha m’miyendo yake ndipo inkatha kukwawa ikafuna kuyenda. Sanathe kuyimilira ndipo ankakhala nthawi yambiri atagona, akudwala matenda ena ambiri.
Ili ndilo tsoka lokhalo loyesera lodziwika bwino lomwe asayansi alola kuti anthu aziwona, nkhumba zina zinachita nawo kuyesera kumeneku, koma zinali zonyansa kwambiri moti zinasungidwa kuseri kwa zitseko zotsekedwa. ОKomabe, phunziro la nkhumba la Beltsville silinayimitse kuyesako. Pakali pano, asayansi chibadwa apanga wapamwamba mbewa, kawiri kukula kwa makoswe wamba. Mbewa imeneyi inapangidwa mwa kulowetsa jini ya munthu mu DNA ya mbewa, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti maselo a khansa akule mofulumira.
Tsopano asayansi akupanganso kuyesa kofananako pa nkhumba, koma popeza kuti anthu safuna kudya nyama yokhala ndi jini ya kansa, jiniyo yatchedwa “jini ya kukula.” Pankhani ya ng'ombe yabuluu ya ku Belgian, akatswiri opanga majini anapeza jini yomwe imayambitsa kuchulukitsa minofu ndi kuwirikiza kawiri, motero kubala ana a ng'ombe akuluakulu. Tsoka ilo, pali mbali ina, ng'ombe zobadwa kuchokera ku kuyesaku zimakhala ndi ntchafu zowonda komanso chiuno chopapatiza kuposa ng'ombe yachibadwa. Sizovuta kumvetsa zomwe zikuchitika. Mwana wa ng'ombe wokulirapo komanso kanjira kakang'ono kamene kamapangitsa kuti ng'ombe ikhale yowawa kwambiri pobereka. Kwenikweni, ng’ombe zimene zasintha chibadwa sizingathe kubereka nkomwe. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi gawo la opaleshoni.
Opaleshoniyi imatha kuchitidwa chaka chilichonse, nthawi zina pakubadwa kulikonse ndipo ng'ombe ikadulidwa potsegula njirayi imakhala yowawa kwambiri. Pamapeto pake, mpeni umadula khungu osati wamba, koma minofu, yomwe imakhala ndi zipsera zomwe zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuti zichiritse.
Tikudziwa kuti mkazi akachitidwa opaleshoni yobwerezabwereza (mwabwino, izi sizichitika kawirikawiri), zimakhala opareshoni yopweteka kwambiri. Ngakhale asayansi ndi odziwa zanyama amavomereza kuti ng'ombe yabuluu ya ku Belgian ili ndi ululu waukulu - koma kuyesera kukupitirirabe. Ngakhale kuyesa kwachilendo kunachitika pa ng'ombe za bulauni za ku Swiss. Zinapezeka kuti ng'ombezi zili ndi vuto la majini lomwe limayambitsa chitukuko cha matenda apadera a ubongo mu zinyamazi. Koma chodabwitsa n’chakuti matendawa akayamba, ng’ombe zimapatsa mkaka wambiri. Asayansi atatulukira jini yomwe inayambitsa matendawa, sanagwiritse ntchito deta yatsopano kuti achiritse - anali otsimikiza kuti ngati ng'ombe ikudwala matendawa, imatulutsa mkaka wambiri.. Zoyipa, sichoncho?
Ku Israel, asayansi apeza kuti mu nkhuku muli jini yomwe imayambitsa kusakhalapo kwa nthenga pakhosi ndi jini yomwe imayambitsa kukhalapo kwawo. Pochita kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana wa majini awiriwa, asayansi apanga mbalame yomwe ilibe nthenga pafupifupi zopanda nthenga. Nthenga zochepa zimene mbalamezi zili nazo siziteteza n’komwe thupi. Zachiyani? Kuti alimi azitha kuweta mbalame m’chipululu cha Negev, pansi pa dzuŵa lotentha kwambiri, kumene kutentha kumafika pa 45C.
Ndi zosangalatsa zina ziti zimene tikuyembekezera? Zina mwa ntchito zomwe ndamvapo ndi monga kafukufuku woweta nkhumba zopanda tsitsi, kuyesa kuswana nkhuku zopanda mapiko zoswana kuti zilowetse nkhuku zambiri mu khola, ndi ntchito yoweta ng'ombe zopanda mapiko, ndi zina zotero. masamba omwewo okhala ndi majini a nsomba.
Asayansi amaumirira pachitetezo cha kusintha kwamtunduwu m'chilengedwe. Komabe, m’thupi la nyama yaikulu ngati nkhumba muli majini mamiliyoni ambiri, ndipo asayansi angofufuza pafupifupi XNUMX okha. Pamene jini yasinthidwa kapena jini ya nyama ina imayambitsidwa, sizidziwika momwe majini ena amoyo adzachitira, munthu akhoza kungoyika patsogolo malingaliro. Ndipo palibe amene anganene kuti zotsatira za kusintha koteroko zidzawonekera posachedwa bwanji. (Zili ngati omanga athu ongopeka akusinthanitsa zitsulo ndi matabwa chifukwa zimawoneka bwino. Zingagwire nyumbayo kapena ayi!)
Asayansi ena aneneratu mochititsa mantha za kumene sayansi yatsopanoyi ingatsogolere. Ena amanena kuti kusintha kwa majini kungayambitse matenda atsopano amene sitingathe kuwateteza. Kumene njira yopangira majini yagwiritsiridwa ntchito kusintha mitundu ya tizilombo, pali ngozi yakuti mitundu yatsopano ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ingatuluke imene sitingathe kuilamulira.
Makampani apadziko lonse lapansi ali ndi udindo wochita kafukufuku wamtunduwu. Akuti chifukwa chake tidzakhala ndi zakudya zatsopano, zokoma, zosiyanasiyana komanso zotsika mtengo. Ena mpaka amatsutsa kuti kudzakhala kotheka kudyetsa anthu onse akufa ndi njala. Ichi ndi chowiringula chabe.
Mu 1995, lipoti la World Health Organization linasonyeza kuti pali kale chakudya chokwanira kudyetsa anthu onse padziko lapansi, ndi kuti pazifukwa zina, pazifukwa za zachuma ndi zandale, anthu sakupeza chakudya chokwanira. Palibe zitsimikizo zoti ndalama zomwe zayikidwa popanga ma genetic engineering zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina kupatula phindu. Zopangira ma genetic engineering, zomwe sitipeza posachedwa, zitha kubweretsa tsoka lenileni, koma chinthu chimodzi chomwe tikudziwa kale ndikuti nyama zikuvutika kale chifukwa chofuna anthu kupanga nyama yotsika mtengo momwe angathere.