Zamkatimu
Chaputala 12 chikukhudza mwachidule nkhani ziŵiri zimene sizinakambidwe m’mbuyo zomwe zingakhale zosangalatsa kwambiri kwa oŵerenga.
Choyamba, ine ndilingalira chikoka cha biological zinthu pa zaukali. Ngakhale cholinga cha bukhuli chiri pazochitika zamaganizidwe ndi zochitika zomwe zikuchitika panopa komanso / kapena zam'mbuyomu, tikuyenera kuvomereza kuti nkhanza za anthu ndi zinyama zina zimachitikanso chifukwa cha thupi ndi ubongo.
Kafukufuku wambiri wachitika kale pazantchito zomwe zimatsimikizira zamoyo. Komabe, mutu wotsatira udzakhala wosankha kwambiri ndipo udzakhudza gawo laling'ono chabe la chidziwitso chathu chokhudza mphamvu ya physiology pa nkhanza. Ndikaganizira mwachidule lingaliro lachibadwidwe chaukali, ndimayang'ana momwe chibadwidwe chimakhudzira ziwawa za anthu, kenako ndikuwunika mphamvu ya mahomoni ogonana paziwonetsero zosiyanasiyana zaukali.
Mutuwu ukumaliza ndi kufotokoza mwachidule momwe mowa ungakhudzire kuyambitsa chiwawa. Mutuwu ukukamba za mafunso okhudza njira. Malingaliro ambiri ndi malingaliro omwe aperekedwa pano amachokera ku zoyeserera zasayansi zomwe zimachitika ndi ana ndi akulu.
Kulingalira kwina kumaperekedwa pamalingaliro ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ofufuza omwe akuchita zoyeserera pamayendedwe amunthu.
Kufuna chidani ndi chiwonongeko?
Mu 1932, bungwe la League of Nations linapempha Albert Einstein kuti asankhe munthu wodziŵika bwino kwambiri ndi kukambirana naye za mavuto aakulu kwambiri a m’nthawi yathu ino. Bungwe la League of Nations linafuna kufalitsa zokambiranazo kuti zithandize kulankhulana kumeneku pakati pa atsogoleri anzeru amakono. Einstein anavomera ndipo anadzipereka kuti akambirane zomwe zimayambitsa mikangano yapadziko lonse. Kukumbukira kupha koopsa kwa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse kunali kusungidwa bwino kukumbukira wasayansiyo, ndipo adakhulupirira kuti palibe funso lofunika kwambiri kuposa "kufufuza njira yopulumutsira anthu ku chiwopsezo cha nkhondo." Katswiri wamkulu wa physics ndithudi sanayembekezere njira yosavuta yothetsera vutoli. Pokayikira kuti zankhondo ndi nkhanza zinali m'maganizo a anthu, adatembenukira kwa woyambitsa psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, kuti atsimikizire malingaliro ake. Onani →
Kodi anthu ali ndi chibadwa chachiwawa? Kodi chibadwa ndi chiyani?
Kuti timvetse tanthauzo la chikhumbo chachibadwa chaukali, choyamba tiyenera kufotokozera tanthauzo la mawu akuti "chibadwa". Mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito m’njira zosiyanasiyana, ndipo nthawi zina n’zosatheka kunena mosapita m’mbali zimene kwenikweni zimatanthauza munthu akamanena za khalidwe lachibadwa. Nthawi zina timamva kuti munthu, motengera zochitika mwadzidzidzi, "adachita mwachibadwa." Kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti anachita zinthu motengera chibadwa, kapena kuti anachita zinthu mosayembekezereka popanda kuganizira? Onani →
Kutsutsa lingaliro lachikhalidwe la chibadwa
Vuto lalikulu ndi lingaliro lachikhalidwe la chibadwa ndi kusowa kwa maziko okwanira ampirical. Ochita zamakhalidwe azinyama amakayikira mozama zomwe Lorenz adanena za nkhanza za nyama. Tengani, makamaka, mawu ake onena za kuletsa chiwawa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama. Lorenz adanena kuti nyama zambiri zomwe zimatha kupha anthu ena amtundu wawo zimakhala ndi njira zachibadwa zomwe zimalepheretsa kuukira kwawo mwachangu. Anthu alibe njira yoteroyo, ndipo ndife mitundu yokhayo yomwe ingadziwononge yokha. Onani →
Chikoka cha choloŵa pa aukali
Mu July 1966, mnyamata wina wosokonezeka maganizo dzina lake Richard Speck anapha anamwino asanu ndi atatu ku Chicago. Mlandu woopsawu udakopa chidwi cha dziko lonse, atolankhani adafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zomwe zinachitika. Zinadziwika kwa anthu wamba kuti Speck adavala tattoo "yobadwa kuti idzutse gehena" pa mkono wake.
Sitikudziwa ngati Richard Speck anabadwadi ndi zizolowezi zauchigawenga zomwe zinamupangitsa kuti achite upanduwu mosalephera, kapena ngati "majini achiwawa" omwe mwanjira ina adamupangitsa kupha adachokera kwa makolo ake, koma ndikufuna kufunsa funso lodziwika bwino: kodi pali choloŵa chotengera chiwawa? Onani →
Kusiyana kwa kugonana mu chiwonetsero cha nkhanza
Kusiyana kwa mawonetseredwe a nkhanza mwa oimira amuna ndi akazi kwakhala nkhani ya zokambirana m'zaka zaposachedwapa. Owerenga ambiri mwina angadabwe kumva kuti pali mikangano pamutuwu. Poyamba, zimawoneka zodziwikiratu kuti amuna ndi omwe amakonda kuzunzidwa mwankhanza kuposa akazi. Ngakhale izi, akatswiri ambiri a zamaganizo amakhulupirira kuti kusiyana sikuli koonekeratu, ndipo nthawi zina sikudziwika konse (onani, mwachitsanzo: Frodi, Macalay & Thome, 1977). Tiyeni tikambirane kafukufuku wa kusiyana kumeneku ndi kuyesa kudziwa ntchito ya mahomoni ogonana poyambitsa chiwawa. Onani →
Zotsatira za mahomoni
Mahomoni ogonana amatha kukhudza nkhanza za nyama. Munthu amangoyang'ana zomwe zimachitika nyama ikathena. Ng'ombe yamtchire imasanduka kavalo womvera, ng'ombe yam'tchire imasanduka ng'ombe yaing'ono, galu wosewera asanduka chiweto chogona. Pakhoza kukhalanso zotsatira zosiyana. Nyama yamphongo yothena ikabayidwa ndi testosterone, ukali wake umawonjezekanso (kafukufuku wakale pankhaniyi adapangidwa ndi Elizabeth Beeman, Beeman, 1947).
Mwinamwake nkhanza zaumunthu, monga nkhanza za nyama, zimadalira mahomoni ogonana amuna? Onani →
Mowa ndi chiwawa
Mutu womaliza wa ndemanga yanga yachidule yokhudza mphamvu ya zinthu zamoyo paukali ndi zotsatira za mowa. Zakhala zikudziwika kuti zochita za anthu zimatha kusintha kwambiri pambuyo pomwa mowa, kuti mowa ukhoza, m'mawu a Shakespeare, "kuba malingaliro awo" ndipo, mwina, "kuwasandutsa nyama."
Ziŵerengero za umbanda zimasonyeza kugwirizana bwino pakati pa mowa ndi chiwawa. Mwachitsanzo, m’kafukufuku wa kugwirizana pakati pa kuledzera ndi kupha anthu, moŵa unaloŵetsapo theka kapena magawo awiri mwa atatu a kuphana kulikonse kolembedwa ndi apolisi a ku United States m’zaka zaposachedwapa. Mowa umakhudzanso makhalidwe osiyanasiyana odana ndi anthu, kuphatikizapo nkhanza za m'banja. Onani →
Chidule
M'mutu uno, ndaona njira zingapo zomwe zamoyo zimakhudzira khalidwe laukali. Ndinayamba ndi kusanthula maganizo a chikhalidwe cha chibadwa chaukali, makamaka kugwiritsa ntchito lingaliro ili mu chiphunzitso cha psychoanalytic cha Sigmund Freud komanso m'mapangidwe ofanana ndi omwe Konrad Lorenz anapereka. Ngakhale kuti mawu akuti "chibadwa" ndi osadziwika bwino ndipo ali ndi matanthauzo osiyanasiyana, Freud ndi Lorentz ankaona kuti "chibadwa chaukali" chinali chikhumbo chofuna kuwononga munthu. Onani →
Chapter 13
Njira yoyesera yokhazikika. Mfundo zina zochirikiza zoyeserera zasayansi. Onani →