Black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) chithunzi ndi kufotokoza

Black truffle (Tuber melanosporum)

• Black French truffle
• Perigord truffle (amachokera ku mbiri yakale ya Perigord ku France)
• Truffle weniweni wakuda waku France

Truffle wakuda, (lat. tuber melanosporum or tuber nigrum) ndi bowa wamtundu wa Truffle (lat. Tuber) wa banja la Truffle (lat. Tuberaceae).

Pali mitundu pafupifupi makumi atatu ya ma truffles, asanu ndi atatu okha omwe ali osangalatsa kuchokera pazophikira. Wokongola kwambiri ndi Perigord wakuda truffle Tuber melanosporum. Ngakhale kuwonetseredwa kwachindunji kwa malo okhala m'dzina, mtundu uwu umagawidwa osati ku Perigord, komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa France, komanso Italy ndi Spain. Kwa nthawi yayitali tinkakhulupirira kuti ma truffles sali kanthu koma kukula pamizu yamitengo, koma kwenikweni ndi bowa wa marsupial omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe awiri. Choyamba, truffles amamera pansi pamtunda wa masentimita 5-30, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupeza. Ndipo chachiwiri, bowa amatha kukhala m'dothi losauka komanso logwirizana ndi mitengo, ndipo posankha "mnzako wamoyo" truffles ndizovuta kwambiri ndipo amakonda kugwirizana makamaka ndi oak ndi hazel. Chomeracho chimapereka bowa ndi michere yofunika, ndipo mycelium imaphimba mizu ya mtengowo ndipo potero imakulitsa luso lawo loyamwa mchere wamchere ndi madzi, komanso imateteza ku matenda osiyanasiyana. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zomera zina zonse zozungulira mtengowo zimafa, zomwe zimatchedwa "bwalo la mfiti" zimapangidwira, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti gawolo ndi la bowa.

Palibe amene adawona momwe amakulira. Ngakhale amene amasonkhanitsa mibadwomibadwo. Chifukwa moyo wonse wa truffle umachitika mobisa ndipo umadalira kwambiri mitengo kapena zitsamba, zomwe mizu yake imakhala odyetsa enieni a bowawa, ndikugawana nawo nkhokwe zama carbohydrate. Zowona, kutcha truffles freeloaders kungakhale kupanda chilungamo. Ukonde wa ulusi wa mycelium wa bowa, womwe umaphimba mizu ya chomeracho, umathandizira kuchotsa chinyezi chowonjezera, komanso, umateteza ku matenda amtundu uliwonse, monga phytophthora.

The black truffle ndi mdima, pafupifupi wakuda tuber; nyama yake imakhala yopepuka poyamba, kenako imachita mdima (ku mtundu wofiirira-wakuda wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yoyera).

Chipatsocho ndi chapansi, chozungulira, chozungulira kapena chosasinthika, 3-9 masentimita awiri. Pamwamba pamakhala pafiira-bulauni, pambuyo pake amasanduka akuda ngati malasha, amasanduka dzimbiri akakanikizidwa. Zophimbidwa ndi zolakwika zambiri zazing'ono zomwe zili ndi mbali 4-6.

Thupi limakhala lolimba, loyambirira lopepuka, lotuwa kapena lofiirira wokhala ndi mawonekedwe oyera kapena ofiira a nsangalabwi pa odulidwa, amadetsedwa ndi spores ndipo amakhala woderapo wakuda-violet ndi ukalamba, mitsempha yomwe ilimo imakhalabe. Ili ndi fungo lamphamvu kwambiri komanso kukoma kokoma ndi utoto wowawa.

Spore ufa ndi wofiirira, spores 35 × 25 µm, fusiform kapena oval, yopindika.

Mycorrhiza kupanga ndi thundu, nthawi zambiri ndi mitengo ina yophukira. Amamera m'nkhalango zodula ndi nthaka ya calcareous pakuya kwa masentimita angapo mpaka theka la mita. Amapezeka kwambiri ku France, pakati pa Italy ndi Spain. Ku France, zopezeka za truffles zakuda zimadziwika m'madera onse, koma malo akuluakulu okulirapo ali kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa dziko (madipatimenti a Dordogne, Lot, Gironde), malo ena okulirapo ali m'chigawo chakumwera chakum'mawa kwa Vaucluse.

Amalimidwa ku China.

Fungo lamphamvu la truffles wakuda limakopa nkhumba zakutchire, zomwe zimakumba matupi a fruiting ndikulimbikitsa kufalikira kwa spores. Mu truffles, mphutsi za ntchentche zofiira zimakula, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timakhala pamwamba pa nthaka, izi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kufufuza matupi a fruiting.

Nyengo: kuyambira koyambirira kwa Disembala mpaka Marichi 15, zosonkhanitsira nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa m'miyezi yoyamba ya chaka.

Nkhumba zakuda zimakololedwa mothandizidwa ndi nkhumba zophunzitsidwa bwino, koma popeza nyamazi zimawononga nthaka ya m’nkhalango, agalu nawonso amaphunzitsidwa kuchita zimenezi.

Kwa gourmets, kununkhira kwamphamvu kwa bowa ndikofunika kwambiri. Ena amawona kunyowa kwa nkhalango komanso kumwa mowa pang'ono mu fungo la truffles wakuda, ena - mthunzi wa chokoleti.

Ma truffles akuda ndi osavuta kupeza - "mycelium" yawo imawononga zomera zambiri zozungulira. Chifukwa chake, malo akukula kwa ma truffles akuda ndi osavuta kuzindikira ndi kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro.