Anthu sayenera kudutsa malire ena, kuti asabwere ku tsoka lachilengedwe, lomwe lidzakhala chiwopsezo chachikulu cha kukhalapo kwa anthu padziko lapansi.
Ofufuzawo akuti pali mitundu iwiri ya malire otere. Katswiri wa za chilengedwe pa yunivesite ya Minnesota, Jonathan Foley, akuti malire otere ndi pamene chinthu choopsa chikachitika. M’chochitika china, uku ndiko kusintha kwapang’onopang’ono, kumene, ngakhale kuli tero, kumapitirira malire a mbiri ya anthu.
Nawa malire asanu ndi awiri otere omwe akukambidwa mwachangu:
Ozone mu stratosphere
Mpweya wa ozoni wapadziko lapansi ukhoza kufika poti anthu akhoza kukhala ndi tani mumphindi zochepa ngati asayansi ndi atsogoleri andale sagwira ntchito limodzi kuti athetse kutulutsidwa kwa mankhwala owononga ozoni. The Montreal Protocol mu 1989 inaletsa ma chlorofluorocarbons, motero kupulumutsa Antarctica ku nsonga ya dzenje lokhazikika la ozoni.
Akatswiri a zachilengedwe amakhulupirira kuti mfundo yofunika kwambiri idzakhala kuchepetsa 5% kwa ozoni mu stratosphere (kumtunda kwa mlengalenga) kuchokera ku msinkhu wa 1964-1980.
Mario Molina, wamkulu wa Center for Strategic Studies in Energy and Environmental Protection ku Mexico City, akukhulupirira kuti kutha kwa 60% kwa ozone padziko lonse lapansi kungakhale tsoka, koma kutayika m'dera la 5% kungawononge thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe. .
Kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka
Pakadali pano, akatswiri azachilengedwe amaika malire a 15% pakugwiritsa ntchito nthaka pazaulimi ndi mafakitale, zomwe zimapatsa nyama ndi zomera mwayi wokhala ndi anthu.
Malire oterowo amatchedwa "lingaliro lanzeru", komanso asanakwane. Steve Bass, mnzake wamkulu ku International Institute for Environment and Development ku London, adati chiwerengerochi sichingakhutiritse opanga mfundo. Kwa anthu, kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka ndikopindulitsa kwambiri.
Zoletsa pakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri nthaka ndizowona, adatero Bass. M'pofunika kukhala wosasunga njira zaulimi. Mbiri yakale yachititsa kale kuwonongeka kwa nthaka ndi fumbi.
Kumwa madzi
Madzi abwino ndi ofunika kwambiri pa moyo, koma anthu amawagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri pa ulimi. Foley ndi anzake adanena kuti kuchotsa madzi m'mitsinje, nyanja, malo osungira pansi pa nthaka sikuyenera kupitirira makilomita a 4000 pachaka - izi ndi pafupifupi kuchuluka kwa nyanja ya Michigan. Pakali pano, chiwerengero ichi ndi 2600 makilomita kiyubiki chaka chilichonse.
Kulima kozama m’dera lina kungawononge madzi ambiri abwino, pamene kudera lina la dziko lapansi kuli madzi ambiri, sikungakhale ulimi nkomwe. Choncho zoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito madzi abwino ziyenera kukhala zosiyana malinga ndi dera. Koma lingaliro la "malire a mapulaneti" liyenera kukhala poyambira.
nyanja acidization
Mpweya wochuluka wa carbon dioxide ungachepetse mchere wofunika m’matanthwe a m’nyanja ndi zamoyo zina za m’madzi. Akatswiri a zachilengedwe amatanthauzira malire a okosijeni poyang'ana pa aragonite, miyala ya mchere ya miyala yamchere yamchere, yomwe iyenera kukhala osachepera 80% ya chiwerengero chisanayambe mafakitale.
Chiwerengerocho chimachokera ku zotsatira za kafukufuku wa labotale zomwe zasonyeza kuti kuchepa kwa aragonite kumachepetsa kukula kwa matanthwe a coral, anatero Peter Brewer, katswiri wa zamadzimadzi ku Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Zamoyo zina zam'madzi zimatha kupulumuka kutsika kwa aragonite, koma kuchuluka kwa acidity yam'nyanja kumatha kupha zamoyo zambiri zomwe zimakhala mozungulira matanthwe.
Kutayika kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo
Masiku ano, mitundu ya zamoyo ikufa pamlingo wa 10 mpaka 100 pa miliyoni pachaka. Pakadali pano, akatswiri azachilengedwe amati: kutha kwa zamoyo sikuyenera kupitirira malire a mitundu 10 pa miliyoni pachaka. Mlingo wamakono wa kutha kwadutsa momveka bwino.
Vuto lokhalo ndilo kutsatira zamoyo, anatero Christian Samper, mkulu wa Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History ku Washington. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa tizilombo ndi zinyama zambiri zam'madzi zam'madzi.
Samper anaganiza zogawa chiwopsezo cha zamoyo zonse kukhala zowopsa pagulu lililonse. Choncho, mbiri ya chisinthiko ya nthambi zosiyanasiyana za mtengo wa moyo idzaganiziridwa.
Mitundu ya nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous
Nayitrogeni ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri, chomwe chimatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa mbewu ndi mbewu padziko lapansi. Phosphorus imadyetsa zomera ndi zinyama. Kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha zinthu zimenezi kungachititse kuti zamoyo zitheretu.
Akatswiri azachilengedwe amakhulupirira kuti anthu sayenera kuwonjezera 25% ku nayitrogeni yomwe imabwera kumtunda kuchokera mumlengalenga. Koma zoletsa izi zidakhala zongosankha. William Schlesinger, pulezidenti wa Millbrook Institute for Ecosystem Research, ananena kuti mabakiteriya a m’nthaka amatha kusintha kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni, choncho kayendedwe kake sayenera kusonkhezeredwa ndi anthu. Phosphorus ndi chinthu chosakhazikika, ndipo nkhokwe zake zimatha kutha mkati mwa zaka 200.
Ngakhale anthu amayesa kutsatira izi, koma kupanga kovulaza kumakonda kubweretsa zovuta zake, adatero.
Kusintha kwa nyengo
Asayansi ambiri ndi andale amawona magawo 350 pa miliyoni ngati malire anthawi yayitali a carbon dioxide mumlengalenga. Chiwerengerochi chimachokera ku lingaliro lakuti kupitirira izo kungapangitse kutentha kwa madigiri 2 Celsius.
Komabe, chiwerengerochi chatsutsidwa chifukwa mlingo umenewu ukhoza kukhala woopsa mtsogolomu. Zimadziwika kuti 15-20% ya mpweya wa CO2 umakhalabe mumlengalenga mpaka kalekale. Kale m'nthawi yathu ino, matani oposa 1 thililiyoni a CO2 atulutsidwa ndipo umunthu uli kale pakati pa malire ovuta, kupitirira pamene kutentha kwa dziko kudzachoka.