Ubongo (kuchokera ku Latin cerebellum, diminutive of cerebrum) ndi chiwalo chovuta kwambiri m'thupi la munthu. Mpando wa malingaliro athu, momwe timamvera komanso odziwa mayendedwe athu (kupatula ma reflexes), ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamanjenje.

Ubongo ndi wa encephalon, yomwe imaphatikizapo diencephalon, brainstem ndi cerebellum.

Ubongo umayikidwa mu bokosi la cranial lomwe limauteteza ku zoopsa. Imazunguliridwanso ndi nembanemba zitatu zoteteza, ma meninges (dura mater, arachnoid, ndi pia mater). Kwa akulu, imalemera pafupifupi 1,3 kg ndipo imakhala ndi minyewa mabiliyoni angapo: ma neuroni. Imayimitsidwa mu cerebrospinal fluid, madzi owopsa omwe amalola kunyamula mamolekyu ndikubwezeretsanso zinyalala.

Mapangidwe akunja

Ubongo umagawidwa m'zigawo ziwiri: dziko lamanja ndi lamanzere. Chigawo chilichonse cha dziko lapansi chimayang'anira mbali ina ya thupi: mbali yakumanzere imayang'anira mbali yakumanja ya thupi komanso mosiyana.

Kumanzere kwa dziko lapansi nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi malingaliro ndi chilankhulo, pomwe kumanja kumakhala malo amalingaliro, malingaliro ndi luso. Amalankhulana kudzera m'mitsempha ya minyewa: corpus callosum. Pamwamba pa ma hemispheres amakutidwa ndi cerebral cortex, ndi imvi chifukwa imakhala ndi ma cell a ma neuron. Kortex imadutsa ndi ma convolutions, omwe ndi mapindikidwe a minofu ya ubongo.

Chigawo chilichonse chimagawidwa m'magulu asanu:

• mbali yakutsogolo, kutsogolo, kuseri kwa mphumi
• parietal lobe, kumbuyo kwa kutsogolo
• lobe temporal ili pambali, pafupi ndi fupa la temporal
• fupa la occipital, kumbuyo, pamtunda wa fupa la occipital
• 5th lobe sichiwoneka pamtunda, ndi insula kapena chilumba cha chilumba: ili mkati mwa ubongo.

Ma lobes amagawidwa pakati pawo ndi ma grooves, omwe ndi ma grooves pamwamba pa kotekisi.

Mitsempha ya cranial imachokera ku ubongo ndi mu ubongo. Pali magulu khumi ndi awiri a iwo omwe amakhudzidwa ndi masomphenya, kulawa, kununkhiza kapena kumva kapena ngakhale kuwonetsetsa kwa nkhope.

Ubongo umaperekedwa ndi mtsempha wakumanzere wamkati wa carotid ndi mitsempha ya vertebral, yomwe imapereka zakudya ndi mpweya wofunikira kuti maselo agwire bwino ntchito.

Kapangidwe ka mkati

Mkati mwa ubongo muli minofu ya muubongo yotchedwa white matter. Amapangidwa ndi minyewa yomwe imanyamula minyewa kupita kapena kuchokera ku kotekisi. Ulusi uwu wazunguliridwa ndi myelin, sheath yoyera yoteteza (motero chinthu choyera) chomwe chimathandizira kutumiza kwamagetsi kwa mauthenga a mitsempha.

Pakati pa ubongo palinso zipinda zotchedwa ventricles zomwe zimalola kuti madzi a muubongo aziyenda.

Ubongo ndi:

• 2% ya kulemera kwathu
• 20% ya mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito

Ubongo umalankhulana ndi chamoyo chonse. Kuyankhulana uku kumaperekedwa makamaka ndi mitsempha. Mitsempha imalola kufalikira kwachangu kwambiri kwa mauthenga amagetsi monga mitsempha ya mitsempha.Ubongo, nsanja yolamulira ya thupi

Kuphatikizidwa ndi msana, ubongo umapanga dongosolo lapakati la mitsempha. Dongosolo ili ndiye malo athu olamulira ndi owongolera: limatanthauzira chidziwitso chamalingaliro kuchokera ku chilengedwe (mkati ndi kunja kwa thupi) ndipo imatha kutumiza mayankho mwamalamulo amagalimoto (kutsegula kwa minofu kapena glands).

Ntchito monga kulankhula, kutanthauzira kwa kumverera kapena kusuntha kwaufulu kumachokera ku ubongo wa ubongo. Ma Neurons mu cortex amatanthauzira mauthenga okhudzidwa ndikupanga mayankho oyenerera kumadera okhazikika pakukonza zidziwitso. Madera awa amapezeka pamlingo:

• Za parietal lobe, ndi madera omwe amakhudzidwa ndi malingaliro (kulawa, kukhudza, kutentha, kupweteka)
• A temporal lobe, ndi madera a kumva ndi kununkhiza, kumvetsa chinenero
• Kuchokera ku occipital lobe, ndi malo a masomphenya
• Kuchokera kutsogolo kwa lobe, ndi kulingalira ndi kukonzekera ntchito, malingaliro ndi umunthu, mayendedwe odzifunira ndi kupanga chinenero.

Zotupa m'maderawa zingayambitse kusagwira ntchito bwino. Mwachitsanzo, zilonda za m'dera loperekedwa kwa kupanga chinenero ndiye kupondereza luso kutchula mawu. Anthu amadziwa zomwe akufuna kunena koma satha kunena mawu.

Stroke (stroke) : kumatsatira kutsekeka kapena kuphulika kwa mitsempha ya magazi, yomwe imayambitsa imfa ya mitsempha ya mitsempha. Zimaphatikizapo ubongo embolism kapena thrombosis.

matenda a Alzheimer : matenda a neurodegenerative omwe amayambitsa kuchepa pang'onopang'ono kwa chidziwitso ndi kukumbukira.

Matenda a khunyu : imadziwika ndi kutulutsa kwamphamvu kwa mitsempha muubongo.

Kusokonezeka maganizo : chimodzi mwazofala kwambiri za matenda amisala. Kukhumudwa ndi matenda omwe amakhudza maganizo, maganizo ndi khalidwe, komanso thupi.

Mkhalidwe wakufa kwaubongo (kapena encephalic death): Kuwonongeka kosasinthika kwa ubongo komwe kumapangitsa kuti ubongo usiye kugwira ntchito komanso kusayenda kwa magazi. Matendawa angatsatire kupwetekedwa mutu kapena sitiroko, mwachitsanzo.

Hydrocephalus : zimagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa cerebrospinal fluid mu ubongo pamene kuchotsedwa kwa madziwa sikunachitike molondola.

Mutu (mutu) : kupweteka kofala kwambiri kumamveka mu bokosi la cranial.

Matenda a Charcot (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis kapena matenda a Lou Gehrig): matenda a neurodegenerative. Zimakhudza pang'onopang'ono ma neuron ndikupangitsa kufooka kwa minofu kenako kufa ziwalo.

Matenda a Parkinson : matenda a neurodegenerative omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kufa kwapang'onopang'ono komanso kwapang'onopang'ono kwa ma neuron m'dera laubongo lomwe limagwira gawo lofunikira pakuwongolera mayendedwe athu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa pang'onopang'ono amapanga manja okhwima, ogwedezeka komanso osalamulirika.

meninjaitisi : kutupa kwa meninges komwe kumatha kuyambitsidwa ndi kachilombo kapena bakiteriya. Chiyambi cha mabakiteriya nthawi zambiri chimakhala chowopsa kwambiri.

Migraine : mtundu wina wa kupweteka kwa mutu komwe kumawonekera pazovuta zomwe zimakhala zazitali komanso zamphamvu kuposa mutu.

Schizophrenia : matenda amisala omwe amayambitsa zomwe zimatchedwa psychotic episodes: munthu wokhudzidwa nthawi zambiri amavutika ndi chinyengo ndi masomphenya.

angapo sclerosis : matenda a autoimmune omwe amakhudza dongosolo lalikulu la mitsempha (ubongo, mitsempha ya optic ndi msana). Zimayambitsa zotupa zomwe zimayambitsa zosokoneza pakufalitsa mauthenga a mitsempha zomwe zimakhudza kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, kuzindikira, kukumbukira, kulankhula, ndi zina zotero.

Kuvulala mutu : imasonyeza kugwedezeka komwe kunalandiridwa kumutu pamtunda wa chigaza, mosasamala kanthu za chiwawa chake. Ndizofala kwambiri ndipo zimakhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana (zofooka, zapakati, zokhwima). Kuvulala kwakukulu kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa ubongo ndipo ndizomwe zimayambitsa imfa pakati pa zaka 15-25. Ngozi zapamsewu ndizomwe zimayambitsa kuvulala komanso ngozi zokhudzana ndi masewera kapena kumenyedwa.

Chotupa chaubongo (khansa ya muubongo): kuchulukitsidwa kwa ma cell achilendo muubongo. Chotupacho mwina benign ou anzeru.

Prevention

Mu 2012, bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO) 6 linati anthu 17,5 miliyoni amafa chifukwa cha matenda a mtima monga sitiroko. Kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi kungateteze 80% ya zikwapu izi. Ndithudi, kudya zakudya zopatsa thanzi, kuchita zinthu zolimbitsa thupi nthaŵi zonse, kupeŵa kusuta fodya ndi kumwa moŵa mopitirira muyeso kungateteze matenda ameneŵa.

Malinga ndi WHO (7), matenda a Alzheimer's ndi omwe amayambitsa matenda a dementia ndipo amayambitsa 60-70% ya milandu. Tsoka ilo, palibe njira yotsimikizirika yopewera. Komabe, kusamala ndi zakudya zanu, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso maphunziro amisala ndi njira zopewera. Matenda ena, monga chotupa cha muubongo kapena multiple sclerosis, sangapewedwe chifukwa choyambitsa chake sichidziwika. Matenda a Parkinson nawonso sangapewedwe, koma kafukufuku wa sayansi amasonyeza makhalidwe ena omwe angapereke zomwe zimatchedwa zoteteza.

Kupewa kupweteka kwa mutu n'kotheka, komabe, pamene kulimbikira kwambiri kapena mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri sagwira ntchito. Kupewa kumeneku kungaphatikizepo kuchepetsa nkhawa kapena kuchepetsa kumwa mowa, mwachitsanzo.

Kuchiza

Kumwa mankhwala ena (kuphatikizapo ochepetsa kupsinjika maganizo, otsitsimula minofu, mapiritsi ogona, anxiolytics, kapena antihistamines a ziwengo) kungayambitse kukumbukira. Koma muzochitika izi, zikhoza kusinthidwa.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa ku America (8), kukhudzana kwa amayi apakati kuzinthu zowononga kwambiri za mumlengalenga (zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kuyaka kwa nkhuni kapena makala mwachitsanzo) kungayambitse chisokonezo pakukula kwa mwana wosabadwayo. Anawo akanatha kuwonetsa makamaka zovuta zamakhalidwe komanso kuchepa kwa luntha.

biopsy : kuyeza komwe kumaphatikizapo kutenga chitsanzo cha chotupa cha muubongo kuti mudziwe mtundu wa chotupacho ndikusankha chithandizo choyenera kwambiri.

Zolemba za Echo-Doppler : kuyesa komwe kumawona kayendedwe ka magazi m'mitsempha yayikulu yaubongo. Zimalola, mwa zina, kuwunika kuvulala kwamutu kapena kuzindikira kufa kwaubongo.

Electroencephalography : kuyesa komwe kumayesa mphamvu yamagetsi muubongo, kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pozindikira khunyu.

MRI ya ubongo : njira yojambula maginito, MRI ndi mayeso omwe amalola kuzindikira zolakwika zaubongo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwa zina, kutsimikizira matenda a sitiroko kapena kuzindikira chotupa.

PET kuyesa : yomwe imatchedwanso positron emission tomoscintigraphy, kuyesa kojambula kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti athe kuwona momwe ziwalo zikuyendera ndi jakisoni wamadzimadzi a radioactive omwe amawonekera pazithunzi.

Scanner yaubongo ndi msana : yomwe imatchedwanso computed tomography kapena computed tomography, njira yojambulayi imagwiritsa ntchito X-ray kuti iwonetsetse mapangidwe a chigaza kapena msana. Ndilo kuyezetsa kwakukulu kwa kudziwika kwa khansa.

Kufufuza mwakuthupi : ndi sitepe yoyamba pa matenda aliwonse a ubongo kapena dongosolo lamanjenje. Zimachitidwa ndi dokotala yemwe amapezekapo kapena katswiri wa ubongo. Choyamba, amafunsa wodwalayo za mbiri ya banja lake, zizindikiro zake, ndi zina zotero ndiye amayesa kufufuza thupi (kuyang'ana ma reflexes, kumva, kukhudza, masomphenya, kulingalira, etc.) (9).

Kupopera kwa Lumbar : cerebrospinal fluid sampling pogwiritsa ntchito singano kuchokera kumunsi kumbuyo (lumbar vertebrae). Pankhaniyi, kusanthula kwake kungadziwe kukhalapo kwa maselo a khansa.

Zotulukira koyamba

Mphamvu yamagetsi ya mauthenga a mitsempha inayamba kuwonetsedwa ndi dokotala wa ku Italy, Luigi Galvani mu 1792, kupyolera mu kuyesera pa paw ya chule! Pafupifupi zaka mazana awiri pambuyo pake, mu 1939, Huxley ndi Hodgkin adayamba kujambula zomwe zingatheke (kukhudzidwa kwa mitsempha) mu chimphona chachikulu cha squid nerve fiber (10).

Kukula kwaubongo ndi luntha

Asayansi akhala akukhulupirira kuti kukula kwa ubongo ndi luntha zimagwirizana. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wapadziko lonse11, luntha silidziwika ndi kukula kwa ubongo, koma ndi kapangidwe kake komanso kulumikizana pakati pa zinthu zoyera ndi imvi. Amanenedwanso kuti amuna, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ubongo wokulirapo kuposa akazi, sanawonetse ntchito zapamwamba zanzeru. Momwemonso, omwe anali ndi ubongo waukulu modabwitsa adapeza mayeso ocheperako pamayeso anzeru.

Mwachitsanzo, Einstein anali ndi ubongo wocheperako kuposa wamba.