Bondo (kuchokera ku Latin clavicula, kiyi yaing'ono) ndi gawo la m'munsi lomwe limalumikiza phazi ndi mwendo.

Bondo ndi malo olumikizirana pakati pa phazi lopingasa ndi mbali yowongoka ya thupi.

mafupa. Bondo limapangidwa ndi mafupa angapo:

• M'munsi mapeto a tibia
• Kumunsi kwa fibula, fupa m'mwendo lomwe limatchedwanso fibula
• Kumtunda kwa talus, fupa la phazi lomwe lili pa calcaneus pachidendene

Kufotokozera kwa Tallow-crurale. Amatengedwa ngati cholumikizira chachikulu cha akakolo. Imalumikiza talus ndi tibiofibular mortise, mawu otanthauza malo otsina omwe amapangidwa ndi mphambano ya tibia ndi fibula (1).

Zigamulo. Mitsempha yambiri imagwirizanitsa mafupa a phazi ndi a akakolo:

• The anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
• The lateral collateral ligament yopangidwa ndi mitolo ya 3: calcaneofibular ligament ndi anterior ndi posterior talofibular ligament.
• The medial collateral ligament yomwe ili ndi deltoid ligament ndi anterior and posterior tibiotalar ligaments (2).

Minofu ndi tendons. Minofu ndi minyewa yosiyanasiyana yomwe imachokera kumwendo imafikira pachibowo. Amagawidwa m'magulu anayi osiyana a minofu:

• Chipinda chapamwamba chakumbuyo chomwe chimakhala ndi triceps sural muscle ndi Achilles tendon.
• Chipinda chakuya chakumbuyo chomwe chimakhala ndi minofu ya kumbuyo kwa tibia, minyewa yomwe imathamangira mkati mwa bondo.
• Chipinda cham'mbuyo chokhala ndi minofu yofewa ya akakolo
• Chipinda cham'mbali chimakhala ndi minofu ya fibular brevis ndi fibular longus muscle

phokoso. Bondo limalola kuyenda kwa dorsal flexion komwe kumayenderana ndi kuyandikira kwa nkhope ya phazi kupita kumaso akunja kwa mwendo (3).

Kuwonjezera. Bondo limalola kuyenda kwa kufalikira kapena kupindikira kwa plantar komwe kumaphatikizapo kusuntha nkhope ya phazi kutali ndi kutsogolo kwa mwendo (3).

Kuwomba. Zimafanana ndi kuvulala kwa mitsempha imodzi kapena zingapo zomwe zimachitika powonjezera mitsempha yakunja. Zizindikiro zake ndi zowawa ndi kutupa kwa bondo.

Tendinopathy. Amadziwikanso kuti tendonitis. Zizindikiro za matendawa zimakhala makamaka kupweteka kwa tendon panthawi yolimbitsa thupi. Chifukwa cha ma pathologies awa akhoza kukhala osiyanasiyana. Zinthu zonse ziwiri zamkati, monga chibadwa, monga zakunja, monga kuchita masewera osayenera, kapena kuphatikiza zingapo mwazinthu izi zitha kukhala chifukwa (1).

Achilles tendon kuphulika. Ndi kung'ambika kwa minofu yomwe imapangitsa kuti tendon ya Achilles iwonongeke. Zizindikiro zimakhala zowawa mwadzidzidzi komanso kulephera kuyenda. Magwero ake sanamvetsetse bwino (4).

Chithandizo chakuthupi. Njira zochiritsira zolimbitsa thupi, kudzera muzochita zolimbitsa thupi, nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa monga physiotherapy kapena physiotherapy.

Chithandizo cha mankhwala. Malingana ndi momwe wodwalayo alili komanso ululu umene wodwalayo amamva, mankhwala opha ululu angaperekedwe. Mankhwala oletsa kutupa angaperekedwe kokha ngati kutupa kwa tendon kumadziwika.

Chithandizo cha opaleshoni. Mankhwala opangira opaleshoni nthawi zambiri amachitidwa pamene tendon ya Achilles ikuphulika, ndipo ikhoza kuperekedwanso nthawi zina za tendonopathy ndi sprains.

Kufufuza mwakuthupi. Matendawa amapita patsogolo poyang'ana matenda kuti azindikire momwe bondo likuyendera, kuthekera kwa kuyenda kapena ayi, ndi ululu umene wodwalayo amamva.

Kuyesa kuyerekezera kwachipatala. Kuti atsimikizire matenda, kufufuza kwachipatala kungapangidwe monga x-ray, ultrasound, scintigraphy kapena MRI.

M'magawo ena monga kuvina kapena masewera olimbitsa thupi, othamanga amayesetsa kukulitsa kulumikizana kwa ziwalo, zomwe zimatha kupezeka mwa maphunziro ena. Komabe, kusakhazikika kumeneku kumatha kukhala ndi zovuta. Ngakhale samamvedwa bwino ndikupezeka mochedwa, ligament hyperlaxity imapangitsa kuti mafupa asakhazikike, kuwapangitsa kukhala ofooka kwambiri (5).