Carl Gustav Jung: "Ndikudziwa kuti ziwanda zilipo"

Die Weltwoche: Kodi simukuganiza kuti kutha kwa nkhondo kudzabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu m’miyoyo ya anthu a ku Ulaya, makamaka Ajeremani, amene tsopano akuoneka kuti akudzuka ku tulo tating’ono ndi zoopsa?

Carl Gustav Jung: O zedi. Malingana ndi Ajeremani, tikukumana ndi vuto la maganizo, kufunikira kwake komwe kuli kovuta kulingalira, koma ndondomeko zake zikhoza kuzindikirika mu chitsanzo cha odwala omwe ndimawachitira.

Chinthu chimodzi ndi chodziwikiratu kwa katswiri wa zamaganizo, ndicho kuti sayenera kutsatira kugawanika kwamaganizo komwe kunachitika pakati pa chipani cha Nazi ndi zotsutsana ndi maboma. Ndili ndi odwala awiri omwe mwachiwonekere amatsutsa chipani cha Nazi, komabe maloto awo amasonyeza kuti kumbuyo kwa khalidwe lawo lonse, maganizo odziwika bwino a chipani cha Nazi ndi chiwawa ndi nkhanza zake zidakalipo.

Pamene mtolankhani wina wa ku Switzerland anafunsa Field Marshal von Küchler (Georg von Küchler (1881-1967) anatsogolera kuukira kwa Western Poland mu September 1939. Anaweruzidwa ndi kuweruzidwa kundende monga chigawenga chankhondo ndi Khoti la Nuremberg) ponena za nkhanza za Germany ku Poland. anafuula mokwiya kuti: “Pepani, iyi si Wehrmacht, iyi ndi phwando!” - chitsanzo chabwino cha momwe kugawikana kwa Ajeremani olemekezeka ndi opanda ulemu kuli kopusa kwambiri. Onsewa, mosadziwa kapena mosazindikira, mwachangu kapena mosasamala, amagawana nawo zoopsa.

Sanadziŵe kalikonse za zimene zinali kuchitika, ndipo panthaŵi imodzimodziyo anadziŵa.

Nkhani ya kulakwa pamodzi, yomwe ili ndipo idzapitirizabe kukhala vuto kwa ndale, ndi kwa katswiri wa zamaganizo mfundo yosakayikira, ndipo imodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri za chithandizo ndi kupeza Ajeremani kuti avomereze kulakwa kwawo. Tsopano, ambiri a iwo akutembenukira kwa ine ndi pempho loti ndiwachitire ine chithandizo.

Ngati zopemphazo zichokera kwa “Ajeremani akhalidwe labwino” awo amene sakana kuimbidwa mlandu anthu angapo a Gestapo, ndimaona kuti mlanduwo ndi wopanda chiyembekezo. Ndilibe chochitira koma kuwapatsa mafunso ndi mafunso omveka ngati: "Mukuganiza bwanji za Buchenwald?" Pokhapokha pamene wodwala amvetsetsa ndi kuvomereza kulakwa kwake, chithandizo cha munthu payekha chingagwiritsidwe ntchito.

Koma kodi zinatheka bwanji kuti Ajeremani, anthu onse, agwere mumkhalidwe wopanda chiyembekezo umenewu wa maganizo? Kodi zimenezi zingatheke ku mtundu wina uliwonse?

Ndiloleni ndidutse apa pang'ono ndikufotokozera malingaliro anga okhudza mbiri yakale yazamisala yomwe isanachitike Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse. Tiyeni titenge chitsanzo chaching'ono kuchokera muzochita zanga monga poyambira.

Nthawi ina mkazi anabwera kwa ine ndipo anayamba kutsutsa mwankhanza mwamuna wake: iye ndi mdierekezi weniweni, amamuzunza ndi kumuzunza, ndi zina zotero. Ndipotu, munthu ameneyu anakhala nzika yolemekezeka kotheratu, wosalakwa pa zolinga zilizonse zauchiwanda.

Kodi mkazi ameneyu maganizo opengawo anachokera kuti? Inde, kungoti mdierekezi amakhala mu moyo wake, chimene iye amachiwonetsera kunja, kusamutsira zilakolako zake ndi ukali kwa mwamuna wake. Ndinamufotokozera zonsezi, ndipo anavomera, ngati mwanawankhosa wolapa. Chilichonse chinkaoneka kuti chayenda bwino. Komabe, izi ndi zomwe zinandivutitsa ine, chifukwa sindikudziwa kumene mdierekezi, yemwe poyamba ankagwirizana ndi fano la mwamuna wake, wapita.

Zofanana ndendende, koma pamlingo waukulu, zidachitika m'mbiri ya ku Europe. Kwa anthu akale, dziko ladzaza ndi ziwanda ndi mphamvu zodabwitsa zimene amaziopa. Kwa iye, chilengedwe chonse chimapangidwa ndi mphamvu izi, zomwe sizili kanthu koma mphamvu zake zamkati zomwe zimapangidwira kudziko lakunja.

Chikhristu ndi sayansi yamakono yachotsa chilengedwe, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti anthu a ku Ulaya nthawi zonse amatengera mphamvu za ziwanda kuchokera kudziko lapansi mwa iwo okha, nthawi zonse amanyamula chikomokere chawo ndi iwo. Mwa munthu iyemwini, mphamvu za ziwanda zimenezi zimaumirira kulimbana ndi kupanda ufulu wauzimu kwa Chikristu.

Ziwanda zimadutsa muzojambula za baroque: misana yopindika, ziboda za satyr zimawululidwa. Munthu pang'onopang'ono amasintha kukhala ouroboros, kudziwononga yekha, kukhala fano limene kuyambira nthawi zakale limaimira munthu wogwidwa ndi chiwanda. Chitsanzo choyamba chathunthu chamtunduwu ndi Napoleon.

Ajeremani akuwonetsa kufooka kwapadera pamaso pa ziwandazi chifukwa cha malingaliro awo odabwitsa. Izi zimavumbulutsidwa m’chikondi chawo cha kugonjera, m’kumvera kwawo mopanda mphamvu ku malamulo, amene ali njira ina ya malingaliro.

Izi zikufanana ndi kutsika kwamalingaliro kwa anthu aku Germany, monga chotsatira cha malo awo osatha pakati pa Kum'mawa ndi Kumadzulo. Ndiwo okhawo a Kumadzulo amene, m’kutuluka kwachisawawa kuchokera m’mimba ya kum’maŵa kwa mitundu, anakhalabe motalika kwambiri ndi amayi awo. Kenako anabwerera, koma anafika mochedwa kwambiri.

Chifukwa chake, Ajeremani amazunzidwa kwambiri ndi vuto la kunyozeka, lomwe amayesa kubwezera megalomania: “Am deutschen Wesen soll die Welt genesen” (Kumasulira moyipa: “Mzimu wachijeremani udzapulumutsa dziko.” Iyi ndi mawu achinazi, obwerekedwa. kuchokera mu ndakatulo ya Emmanuel Geibel (1815-1884) "Recognition Germany." Mizere yochokera ku Geibel yadziwika kuyambira pomwe adanenedwa ndi Wilhelm II mukulankhula kwake ku Münster mu 1907) - ngakhale samamva bwino pakhungu lawo. !

Iyi ndi psychology yachinyamata, yomwe imawonekera osati pakufalikira kwakukulu kwa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komanso kusakhalapo kwa anima m'mabuku achi Germany (Goethe ndizosiyana kwambiri). Izi zimapezekanso mu kumverera kwachijeremani, komwe kwenikweni sikuli kanthu koma kuuma mtima, kusamvera komanso kusakhala ndi moyo.

Milandu yonse yokhudzana ndi kusowa mtima komanso kugonana ndi nyama zomwe mabodza aku Germany adaukira anthu aku Russia zimanena za Ajeremani okha. Zolankhula za Goebbels sizinali kanthu koma psychology yaku Germany ikuwonetsa mdani. Kusakhwima kwa umunthu kunawonekera mochititsa mantha mu kusasamala kwa General Staff waku Germany, wofewa ngati moluska mu chipolopolo.

Germany nthawi zonse yakhala dziko la masoka amisala: Kukonzanso, nkhondo zankhondo ndi zachipembedzo. Pansi pa National Socialism, chitsenderezo cha ziwanda chinakula kwambiri kotero kuti anthu, atagwa pansi pa mphamvu zawo, adasandulika kukhala anthu opambana a somnambulistic, woyamba mwa iwo anali Hitler, yemwe adapatsira wina aliyense ndi izi.

Atsogoleri onse a chipani cha Nazi ali ndi m’lingaliro lenileni la liwulo, ndipo mosakayikira n’zosakayikitsa kuti nduna yawo yofalitsa nkhani zokopa anthu inalembedwa chizindikiro cha munthu wogwidwa ndi chiwanda - wotsimphina. XNUMX peresenti ya anthu aku Germany masiku ano ndi opanda chiyembekezo.

Mumalankhula za kutsika kwamaganizidwe komanso kutengeka kwa ziwanda kwa aku Germany, koma mukuganiza kuti izi zikugwiranso ntchito kwa ife, Swiss, Germany pochokera?

Ndife otetezedwa ku lingaliro ili ndi ziwerengero zathu zazing'ono. Ngati chiwerengero cha Switzerland chinali makumi asanu ndi atatu miliyoni, ndiye kuti chinthu chomwecho chingachitike kwa ife, popeza ziwanda zimakopeka makamaka ndi unyinji. Mu gulu, munthu amataya mizu yake, ndiyeno ziwanda zimatha kumugwira.

Choncho, pochita, chipani cha chipani cha Nazi chinangopanga mapangidwe a anthu akuluakulu ndipo sichinayambe kupanga umunthu. Ndipo ichi ndi chifukwa chakenso nkhope za anthu ogwidwa ndi ziwanda masiku ano zilibe moyo, zozizira, zopanda kanthu. Ife aku Swiss timatetezedwa ku zoopsa izi ndi federalism komanso kudzikonda kwathu payekha. Ndi ife amenewa misa kudzikundikira monga mu Germany ndi zosatheka, ndipo mwina kudzipatula pali njira ya mankhwala, chifukwa chimene n'zotheka kuthetsa ziwanda.

Koma kodi chithandizocho chingakhale chiyani ngati chikuchitidwa ndi mabomba ndi mfuti zamakina? Kodi kugonjetsera gulu lankhondo la dziko lodzala ndi ziwanda sikuyenera kungowonjezera kudzimva kukhala wonyozeka ndi kukulitsa nthendayo?

Masiku ano Ajeremani ali ngati munthu woledzera amene amadzuka m’maŵa ndi chiledzera. Sakudziwa zomwe adachita ndipo safuna kudziwa. Pali lingaliro limodzi lokha la kusasangalala kosalekeza. Adzayesetsa mwamphamvu kuti adzilungamitse poyang’anizana ndi zinenezo ndi chidani cha dziko lowazungulira, koma iyi sidzakhala njira yolondola. Chiombolo, monga ndanenera kale, chagona pa kuvomereza kwathunthu kulakwa kwa munthu. "Mea culpa, mea maxima culpa!" (Cholakwa changa, cholakwika changa chachikulu (lat.)

Pakulapa koona mtima munthu amapeza chifundo cha Mulungu. Izi sizongopeka zachipembedzo komanso zoona zamaganizo. Njira yamankhwala yaku America, yomwe imaphatikizapo kutenga anthu wamba kudutsa m'misasa yachibalo kuti awonetse zoopsa zonse zomwe zimachitika kumeneko, ndiyo njira yolondola.

Komabe, sikutheka kukwaniritsa cholinga chokha mwa kuphunzitsa makhalidwe abwino, kulapa kuyenera kubadwa mkati mwa Ajeremani okha. N'zotheka kuti tsokalo lidzawulula mphamvu zabwino, kuti kuchokera mu kudzikonda kumeneku aneneri adzabadwanso, monga chikhalidwe cha anthu achilendowa monga ziwanda. Amene wagwa pansi kwambiri ali ndi kuya.

Tchalitchi cha Katolika chikhoza kukolola zambiri za miyoyo yawo pamene tchalitchi cha Protestant chagawanika lerolino. Pali nkhani yakuti tsoka lalikulu ladzutsa moyo wachipembedzo ku Germany: madera onse amagwada madzulo, kupempha Ambuye kuti awapulumutse kwa Wokana Kristu.

Ndiyeno kodi tingayembekezere kuti ziwanda zidzatulutsidwa ndipo dziko latsopano, labwinopo lidzatuluka m’mabwinjawo?

Ayi, simungathe kuchotsa ziwanda. Iyi ndi ntchito yovuta, yomwe yankho lake liri m'tsogolomu. Tsopano kuti mngelo wa mbiri yakale wachoka ku Germany, ziwanda zidzafuna wozunzidwa watsopano. Ndipo sizikhala zovuta. Aliyense amene ataya Mthunzi wake, mtundu uliwonse umene umakhulupirira kuti ndi wosalakwa, udzakhala wolanda.

Timakonda chigawengacho ndi kusonyeza chidwi choyaka moto mwa iye, chifukwa Mdyerekezi amatichititsa kuiwala za mtengo umene uli m’diso lake pamene tiona kachitsotso m’diso la mbaleyo, ndipo iyi ndi njira yotinyenga. Ajeremani adzadzipeza okha pamene avomereza ndi kuvomereza kulakwa kwawo, koma ena adzakhala mikhole ya kutengeka maganizo ngati, mwa kuipidwa ndi kulakwa kwawo kwa Germany, aiwala zophophonya zawo.

Sitiyenera kuiwala kuti chizoloŵezi chakupha cha anthu a ku Germany chogwirizana ndi mayiko ena opambana, kotero kuti nawonso akhoza kugwidwa mwadzidzidzi ndi ziwanda.

"General suggestibility" imakhala ndi gawo lalikulu ku America wamasiku ano, komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu aku Russia omwe achita chidwi ndi chiwanda champhamvu, ndizosavuta kuwona kuchokera kuzochitika zaposachedwa zomwe ziyenera kuwongolera chisangalalo chathu mwamtendere.

Anthu a ku Britain ndi omveka bwino pankhaniyi: kudzikonda kumawamasula ku chikoka cha mawu, ndipo anthu a ku Switzerland akugawana nawo kudabwa kwawo ndi misala yonseyi.

Ndiye tiyenera kuyembekezera mwachidwi kuti tione mmene ziwanda zidzaonekera m’tsogolo?

Ndanena kale kuti chipulumutso chagona pa ntchito yamtendere yophunzitsa munthu payekha. Sizopanda chiyembekezo monga momwe zingawonekere. Mphamvu ya ziwanda ndi yayikulu, ndipo njira zamakono zopangira malingaliro ambiri - atolankhani, wailesi, sinema - ali pautumiki wawo.

Komabe, Chikhristu chinatha kuteteza udindo wake pamaso pa mdani wosagonjetseka, osati mwa mabodza ndi kutembenuka kwa anthu ambiri - izi zinachitika pambuyo pake ndipo sizinali zofunikira kwambiri - koma kupyolera mwa kunyengerera kuchokera kwa munthu kupita kwa munthu. Ndipo iyi ndi njira yomwe tiyeneranso kuyenda nayo ngati tikufuna kumanga ziwanda.

Ndizovuta kusirira ntchito yanu kulemba za zolengedwa izi. Ndikukhulupirira kuti mudzatha kunena maganizo anga m’njira yoti anthu asawaone ngati achilendo kwambiri. Tsoka ilo, ndi tsoka langa kuti anthu, makamaka ogwidwa, amaganiza kuti ndine wamisala chifukwa ndimakhulupilira ziwanda. Koma ndi ntchito yawo kuganiza choncho.

Ndikudziwa kuti ziwanda zilipo. Iwo sangachepetse, izi ndi zoona monga kuti Buchenwald alipo.

Kumasulira kwa kuyankhulana kwa Carl Gustav Jung "Werden die Seelen Frieden finden?"