Zamkatimu
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) anali katswiri wa zachilengedwe wachingelezi komanso wapaulendo yemwe adayika maziko a chiphunzitso chamakono cha chisinthiko ndi chitsogozo cha lingaliro lachisinthiko lomwe limadziwika ndi dzina lake (Darwinism). Mdzukulu wa Erasmus Darwin ndi Josiah Wedgwood.
M'malingaliro ake, kufotokozera koyamba mwatsatanetsatane komwe kunasindikizidwa mu 1859 m'buku la "The Origin of Species" (mutu wonse: "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, kapena Kupulumuka kwa Mitundu Yokondedwa Pakumenyana ndi Moyo" ), Darwin ananena kuti chisinthiko n’chofunika kwambiri pa kusankha kwachilengedwe komanso kusinthasintha kosatha.
mbiri yochepa
Phunzirani ndi kuyenda
Anabadwa pa February 12, 1809 ku Shrewsbury. Anaphunzira udokotala ku yunivesite ya Edinburgh. Mu 1827 analowa yunivesite ya Cambridge, kumene anaphunzira zamulungu kwa zaka zitatu. Mu 1831, atamaliza maphunziro awo ku yunivesite, Darwin, monga katswiri wa zachilengedwe, adayenda ulendo wozungulira dziko lonse pa sitima yapamadzi ya Royal Navy, Beagle, komwe adabwerera ku England kokha pa October 2, 1836. Darwin anapita pachilumba cha Tenerife, zilumba za Cape Verde, gombe la Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Tierra del Fuego, Tasmania ndi zilumba za Cocos, kumene adabweretsa zambiri. Zotsatira zake zidafotokozedwa muzolemba za "Diary of Naturalist's Research".The Journal of a Naturalist, 1839), "Zoology of Voyage on the Beagle" (Zoology ya Ulendo pa Beagle, 1840), "Kapangidwe ndi kagawidwe ka matanthwe a coral" (Kapangidwe ndi Kugawidwa kwa Matanthwe a Coral1842);
Zochita zasayansi
Mu 1838-1841. Darwin anali mlembi wa Geological Society of London. Mu 1839 anakwatira, ndipo mu 1842 banjali linasamuka ku London kupita ku Down (Kent), kumene anayamba kukhala kosatha. Apa Darwin anatsogolera moyo wachinsinsi ndi kuyeza wa sayansi ndi wolemba.
Kuchokera mu 1837, Darwin anayamba kusunga buku limene adalembapo za mitundu ya nyama zoweta ndi zomera, komanso malingaliro okhudza kusankha kwachilengedwe. Mu 1842 analemba nkhani yoyamba yonena za chiyambi cha zamoyo. Kuyambira mu 1855, Darwin analemberana makalata ndi katswiri wa zomera wa ku America A. Gray, amene anapereka maganizo ake patatha zaka ziwiri. Mu 1856, mothandizidwa ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya nthaka ndi zachilengedwe wa ku England C. Lyell, Darwin anayamba kukonza buku lachitatu, lokulitsidwa. Mu June 1858, ntchitoyo itamalizidwa theka, ndinalandira kalata yochokera kwa katswiri wa zachilengedwe wa ku England AR Wallace yokhala ndi malembo apamanja a nkhani yomalizirayo. M’nkhani ino, Darwin anapeza kufotokoza mwachidule kwa chiphunzitso chake cha kusankha kwachilengedwe. Awiri okhulupirira zachilengedwe modziyimira pawokha komanso nthawi imodzi adapanga malingaliro ofanana. Onse adakhudzidwa ndi ntchito ya TR Malthus pa chiwerengero cha anthu; onse ankadziwa maganizo a Lyell, onse anaphunzira zamoyo, zomera ndi geological mapangidwe a magulu pachilumbachi ndipo anapeza kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zamoyo zomwe zikukhalamo. Darwin anatumiza malembo apamanja a Wallace kwa Lyell pamodzi ndi nkhani yake, komanso ndondomeko ya Baibulo lake lachiŵiri (1844) ndi kalata yake yopita kwa A. Gray (1857). Lyell anatembenukira kwa katswiri wa zomera wa ku England Joseph Hooker kaamba ka uphungu, ndipo pa July 1, 1859, iwo pamodzi anapereka mabuku onse aŵiri ku Linnean Society ku London.
Ntchito mochedwa
Mu 1859, Darwin anafalitsa The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, kapena Preservation of Favoured Breeds in the Struggle for Life.On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, kapena Preservation of Favoured Races mu Kulimbana ndi Moyo.), kumene anasonyeza kusinthasintha kwa mitundu ya zomera ndi zinyama, chiyambi chawo chachibadwa kuchokera ku mitundu yakale.
Mu 1868, Darwin adasindikiza buku lake lachiwiri, The Change in Domestic Animals and Cultivated Plants.Kusiyana kwa Zinyama ndi Zomera Pansi pa Domestification), zomwe zimaphatikizapo zitsanzo zambiri za kusinthika kwa zamoyo. Mu 1871, ntchito ina yofunika ya Darwin idawonekera - "Kutsika kwa Munthu ndi Kusankha Kugonana".Kutsika kwa Munthu, ndi Kusankhidwa Mogwirizana ndi Kugonana), pamene Darwin anapereka zifukwa zokomera kuti nyama zinachokera kwa munthu. Ntchito zina zodziwika bwino za Darwin ndi Barnacles (Monograph pa Cirripedia, 1851-1854); "Pollination mu orchids" (The Kuchulukitsa kwa orchid, 1862); "Mawonekedwe a Maganizo mwa Anthu ndi Zinyama" (Kufotokozera kwa Maganizo mwa Anthu ndi Zinyama, 1872); "Zochita za pollination ndi kudzipangira pollination muzomera" (Zotsatira za Mtanda- ndi Kudzidyetsa nokha mu Ufumu wa Zamasamba.
Darwin ndi chipembedzo
C. Darwin anachokera ku malo osatsatira. Ngakhale kuti ena a m’banja lake anali oganiza bwino ndipo ankakana poyera zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo zamwambo, iye poyamba sankakayikira choonadi chenicheni cha m’Baibulo. Anapita kusukulu ya Anglican, kenaka anaphunzira zaumulungu za Anglican pa Cambridge kukhala m’busa, ndipo anakhutiritsidwa kotheratu ndi mfundo ya teleological ya William Paley yakuti kupangidwa kwanzeru kowonedwa m’chilengedwe kumatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa Mulungu. Komabe, chikhulupiriro chake chinayamba kufooka pamene anali kuyenda pa Beagle. Iye anafunsa zimene anaona, akudabwa, mwachitsanzo, pa zolengedwa zokongola za m’nyanja zakuya zolengedwa m’kuya kotero kuti palibe amene akanatha kusangalala ndi kawonedwe kawo, akunjenjemera pakuwona mbozi zopuwala, zimene ziyenera kukhala chakudya chamoyo cha mphutsi zake. . Mu chitsanzo chomaliza, adawona kutsutsana koonekeratu kwa malingaliro a Paley ponena za dongosolo ladziko lonse lapansi. Pamene akuyenda pa Beagle, Darwin anali akadali wokhulupirira kwambiri ndipo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamakhalidwe abwino za m'Baibulo, koma pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuona nkhani ya chilengedwe, monga momwe ikulembedwera mu Chipangano Chakale, ngati yabodza komanso yosadalirika.
Atabwerako, anayamba kusonkhanitsa umboni wosonyeza kuti zamoyo zinasiyanitsidwa. Iye anadziŵa kuti mabwenzi ake achipembedzo okhulupirira zachilengedwe amaona malingaliro oterowo kukhala ampatuko, akupeputsa malongosoledwe odabwitsa a dongosolo la kakhalidwe ka anthu, ndipo anadziŵa kuti malingaliro osintha zinthu oterowo akanakumana ndi kupanda chifundo kwenikweni panthaŵi imene mkhalidwe wa Tchalitchi cha Anglican unali kukanthidwa ndi anthu otsutsa kwambiri. ndi osakhulupirira Mulungu. Kukulitsa mobisa chiphunzitso chake cha kusankha kwachilengedwe, Darwin adalemba ngakhale zachipembedzo ngati njira yopulumutsira mafuko, komabe adakhulupirira kuti Mulungu ndiye wamkulu yemwe amakhazikitsa malamulo adziko lapansi. Chikhulupiriro chake chinafooka pang’onopang’ono m’kupita kwa nthaŵi ndipo, ndi imfa ya mwana wake wamkazi Annie mu 1851, Darwin pomalizira pake anataya chikhulupiriro chonse mwa mulungu Wachikristu. Anapitirizabe kuchirikiza tchalitchi cha kumaloko ndi kuthandiza anthu a parishiyo pazochitika zofanana, koma Lamlungu, pamene banja lonse linkapita kutchalitchi, iye ankapita kokayenda. Pambuyo pake, atafunsidwa za malingaliro ake achipembedzo, Darwin analemba kuti iye sanali wosakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu, m’lingaliro lakuti sanakane kukhalapo kwa Mulungu ndi kuti, mwachisawawa, “zingakhale zolondola ponena za mkhalidwe wanga wa maganizo monga wosakhulupirira Mulungu. .»
M’nkhani yake yonena za agogo a Erasmus Darwin, Charles anatchula mphekesera zabodza zoti Erasmus analirira kwa Mulungu ali pafupi kufa. Charles anamaliza nkhani yake ndi mawu akuti: "Momwemo anali malingaliro achikhristu m'dziko lino mu 1802 <...> Titha kuyembekezera kuti palibe chonga ichi chilipo lero." Ngakhale zinali zabwino izi, nkhani zofanana kwambiri zinatsagana ndi imfa ya Charles mwiniwake. Chodziwika kwambiri mwa izi chinali chotchedwa «nkhani ya Lady Hope», mlaliki wachingelezi, wofalitsidwa mu 1915, yemwe adanena kuti Darwin adatembenuka mtima pa matenda atangotsala pang'ono kumwalira. Nkhani zoterozo zinafalitsidwa mokangalika ndi magulu achipembedzo osiyanasiyana ndipo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi zinakhala ndi mbiri ya nthano za m’tauni, koma ana a Darwin anakanidwa nazo ndipo olemba mbiri anazitaya kukhala zonama.
Maukwati ndi ana
Pa January 29, 1839, Charles Darwin anakwatira msuweni wake, Emma Wedgwood. Mwambo waukwati unkachitika mwamwambo wa Tchalitchi cha Anglican, komanso mogwirizana ndi miyambo ya anthu a ku Unitarian. Poyamba, banjali linkakhala ku Gower Street ku London, ndipo pa September 17, 1842, adasamukira ku Down (Kent). A Darwin anali ndi ana khumi, atatu mwa iwo anamwalira ali aang'ono. Ambiri mwa ana ndi adzukulu apeza chipambano chachikulu. Ena mwa anawo anali odwala kapena ofooka, ndipo Charles Darwin ankawopa kuti chifukwa chake chinali kuyandikana kwawo kwa Emma, chomwe chinkawoneka mu ntchito yake pa ululu wa inbreeding ndi ubwino wa mitanda yakutali.
Mphotho ndi kusiyana
Darwin walandira mphotho zambiri kuchokera kumagulu asayansi aku Great Britain ndi mayiko ena aku Europe. Darwin anamwalira ku Downe, Kent, pa April 19, 1882.
Quotes
- "Palibe chodabwitsa kuposa kufalikira kwa kusakhulupirika kwachipembedzo, kapena kulingalira bwino, mkati mwa theka lachiwiri la moyo wanga."
- “Palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti munthu poyambirira anapatsidwa chikhulupiriro chakuti kuli mulungu wamphamvuyonse.”
- "Pamene timadziwa malamulo osasinthika a chilengedwe, zozizwitsa zodabwitsa zimakhalanso kwa ife."