M’zaka zinayi zapitazi, dziko la China lalanda dziko la United States n’kukhala dziko lopanga zinthu zambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Anaposanso Japan potengera kukula kwachuma. Koma pali mtengo wolipira chifukwa cha kupambana kwachuma kumeneku. Masiku ena, kuwonongeka kwa mpweya m'mizinda ikuluikulu yaku China kumakhala koopsa. M’theka loyamba la 2013, 38 peresenti ya mizinda ya ku China inagwa mvula ya asidi. Pafupifupi 30 peresenti ya madzi apansi panthaka ndi 60 peresenti ya madzi a m’dzikolo akuti “osauka” kapena “osauka kwambiri” mu lipoti la boma la 2012.
Kuwonongeka kotereku kumakhudza kwambiri thanzi la anthu ku China, ndipo kafukufuku wina waposachedwapa wasonyeza kuti utsi wapha munthu mmodzi msanga. Chuma chotsogola cha dziko lapansi chinganyoze China, koma chimenecho chingakhale chinyengo, makamaka popeza United States, mwachitsanzo, inali mumkhalidwe wofanana kwambiri zaka makumi anayi zapitazo.
Posachedwapa m'ma 1970, zowononga mpweya monga sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, mu mawonekedwe a tinthu tating'onoting'ono, zinalipo mumlengalenga wa United States ndi Japan pamlingo womwewo monga ku China tsopano. Kuyesera koyamba kuwongolera kuwonongeka kwa mpweya ku Japan kunachitika mu 1968, ndipo mu 1970 lamulo la Clean Air Act lidaperekedwa, ndikuyambitsa zaka khumi zakukhazikitsa malamulo owononga mpweya ku US-ndipo ndondomekoyi yakhala yothandiza, mpaka pamlingo wina. Kutulutsa kwa sulfure ndi nitrogen oxides kunatsika ndi 15 peresenti ndi 50 peresenti, motero, ku US pakati pa 1970 ndi 2000, ndipo mpweya wa zinthuzi unatsika ndi 40 peresenti panthawi yomweyi. Ku Japan, pakati pa 1971 ndi 1979, kuchuluka kwa sulfure ndi nitrogen oxides kunatsika ndi 35 peresenti ndi 50 peresenti, motero, ndipo kwapitirizabe kutsika kuyambira pamenepo. Tsopano ndi nthawi yaku China kukhala yolimba pakuipitsa, ndipo akatswiri adanena mu lipoti mwezi watha kuti dzikolo lili pachiwopsezo cha "kuzungulira kobiriwira" kwazaka khumi pakulimbitsa malamulo ndi ndalama muukadaulo waukhondo ndi zomangamanga. Potengera zomwe Japan idakumana nazo m'zaka za m'ma 1970, akatswiri amayerekeza kuti ndalama zomwe dziko la China limagwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe pazaka zisanu zazaka zisanu (2011-2015) zitha kufika 3400 biliyoni ($ 561 biliyoni). Makampani omwe akugwira ntchito m'mafakitale omwe amawerengera kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa - pakali pano magetsi, opanga simenti ndi zitsulo - adzayenera kuwononga ndalama zambiri kuti apititse patsogolo malo awo ndi njira zopangira kuti azitsatira malamulo atsopano owononga mpweya.
Koma vekitala yobiriwira yaku China ithandiza ena ambiri. Akuluakulu a boma akonza zowononga ndalama zokwana madola 244 biliyoni ($40 biliyoni) kuti awonjezere mapaipi otayira otayira makilomita 159 pofika chaka cha 2015. Dzikoli likufunikanso zopsereza zatsopano kuti zithetse zinyalala zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira zomwe anthu apakati akukula.
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa utsi m'mizinda ikuluikulu ya ku China, kukonza mpweya wabwino ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zikudetsa nkhawa kwambiri za chilengedwe. Boma la China latengera zina mwazinthu zovuta kwambiri zotulutsa mpweya padziko lapansi.
Makampani pazaka ziwiri zikubwerazi adzakhala oletsedwa kwambiri. Inde, simukulakwitsa. Kutulutsa kwa sulfure oxide kwa metallurgists kudzakhala gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu mpaka theka la mlingo wololeka ku Europe, ndipo magetsi oyaka malasha adzaloledwa kutulutsa theka lokha la zowononga mpweya zomwe zimaloledwa ku Japan ndi ku Europe. Zoonadi, kukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima amenewa ndi nkhani ina. Njira zowunikira ku China ndizosakwanira, pomwe akatswiri akuti chindapusa chophwanya malamulo nthawi zambiri chimakhala chotsika kwambiri kuti chikhale cholepheretsa. Anthu aku China adzipangira zolinga zazikulu. Pokhazikitsa miyezo yamphamvu yotulutsa mpweya, akuluakulu aku China akuyembekeza kuti magalimoto akale azikhala atachoka mumsewu pofika chaka cha 2015 m'mizinda ngati Beijing ndi Tianjin, komanso pofika 2017 m'dziko lonselo. Akuluakulu a boma akukonzekeranso kusintha ma boiler ang'onoang'ono opangira nthunzi m'mafakitale ndi zitsanzo zazikulu zokwanira ukadaulo womwe umachepetsa mpweya.
Pomaliza, boma likufuna kusintha pang'onopang'ono malasha omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale opangira magetsi ndi gasi wachilengedwe ndipo lakhazikitsa thumba lapadera lothandizira ntchito zamagetsi zongowonjezwdwa. Ngati pulogalamuyo ikupita patsogolo monga momwe anakonzera, malamulo atsopanowa akhoza kuchepetsa mpweya wapachaka wa zowonongeka zazikulu ndi 40-55 peresenti kuchokera ku 2011 kumapeto kwa 2015. Ndilo lalikulu "ngati", koma ndi chinachake.
Madzi ndi nthaka ya ku China zaipitsidwa kwambiri ngati mpweya. Olakwa ndi mafakitale amene amataya zinyalala za m’mafakitale molakwika, minda yomwe imadalira kwambiri feteleza, ndi kusowa kwa njira zotolera, zotsukira ndi kutaya zinyalala ndi madzi oipa. Ndipo madzi ndi nthaka zikaipitsidwa, dzikolo lili pachiwopsezo: zitsulo zolemera kwambiri monga cadmium zapezeka mu mpunga waku China kangapo m’zaka zaposachedwapa. Ofufuza akuyembekeza kuti ndalama zowononga zinyalala, zinyalala zowopsa za m'mafakitale ndi kuthira madzi otayira zidzakula ndi 30 peresenti kuyambira 2011 pofika kumapeto kwa 2015, ndi ndalama zowonjezera zokwana 264 biliyoni ($ 44 biliyoni) panthawiyi. nthawi. Dziko la China lachita ntchito yaikulu yomanga malo oyeretsera madzi oipa, ndipo pakati pa 2006 ndi 2012, chiwerengero cha malowa chawonjezeka kuwirikiza katatu kufika pa 3340. Koma pakufunika zambiri, chifukwa kufunikira kwa madzi oipa kudzawonjezeka ndi 10 peresenti pachaka 2012 mpaka 2015.
Kutulutsa kutentha kapena magetsi kuchokera pakuwotchedwa si bizinesi yokongola kwambiri, koma kufunikira kwa ntchitoyi kudzakula ndi 53 peresenti pachaka m'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi, ndipo chifukwa cha thandizo la boma, nthawi yobwezera malo atsopano idzachepetsedwa kukhala zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri.
Makampani a simenti akugwiritsa ntchito ng'anjo zazikulu kutenthetsa miyala ya laimu ndi zida zina zomwe zimapangidwira ponseponse - kotero amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zinyalala ngati njira ina yopangira mafuta.
Njira yowotchera zinyalala zapakhomo, zinyalala zamafakitale ndi zinyalala popanga simenti ndi bizinesi yatsopano ku China, akatswiri akutero. Popeza ndi mafuta otsika mtengo, atha kukhala odalirika mtsogolo - makamaka chifukwa amatulutsa dioxin yocheperako yomwe imayambitsa khansa kuposa mafuta ena. China ikupitirizabe kulimbana ndi kupereka madzi okwanira kwa anthu okhalamo, alimi ndi mafakitale. Kuyeretsa ndi kugwiritsiranso ntchito madzi oipa kukukhala ntchito yofunika kwambiri.