Zamkatimu
Mogwirizana ndi cholinga chake, Board of Editorial Board ya MedTvoiLokony imayesetsa kupereka zodalirika zachipatala mothandizidwa ndi chidziwitso chaposachedwa cha sayansi. Mbendera yowonjezerapo "Zofufuza Zomwe Zili" zikuwonetsa kuti nkhaniyi idawunikidwa kapena kulembedwa ndi dokotala mwachindunji. Kutsimikiza kwa magawo awiri awa: mtolankhani wazachipatala komanso dokotala amatilola kuti tipereke zomwe zili zapamwamba kwambiri mogwirizana ndi chidziwitso chamankhwala chamakono.
Kudzipereka kwathu m'derali kwayamikiridwa, pakati pa ena, ndi Association of Journalists for Health, yomwe inapatsa Bungwe la Editorial la MedTvoiLokony ndi mutu waulemu wa Mphunzitsi Wamkulu.
Kwa ena, njira za kulera ndi njira yofananira ndi kutulukira kwa Copernicus. Ena amaona kuti ndi chifukwa cha vuto la chiwerengero cha anthu ku Ulaya. Pali ena amene amachilingalira kukhala chida chauchimo cha Satana. Piritsi la kulera likukondwerera kubadwa kwake kwa zaka 50 ndipo likuyenda bwino.
Maudindo angapo akulera
Kubwera kwa mapiritsi oletsa kutenga mimba sikunali njira yachipatala chabe. Zinalinso zogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa udindo wa amayi pakati pa anthu. Monga momwe anagogomezera omenyera ufulu wa akazi, mkaziyo anasiya kuchita ndi kubereka kokha ndi kulera ana. Anatha kudziphunzitsa ndikukulitsa ntchito yakeyake. Angathenso kukhala wokhutira pogonana popanda kuika mimba yapathengo. Kufunika kothandiza kulera kunakulanso pamodzi ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti sikokwanira kubereka mwana, m'pofunikanso kulera ndi kuphunzitsa, zomwe zimafuna nthawi ndi ndalama. Komabe, otsutsa mapiritsiwo amakhulupirirabe kuti ndi njira yolerera yosagwirizana ndi chilengedwe.
- Ngati mwamuna angagwirizane ndi chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe, amagonana makamaka panthawi yachonde ya mkazi, yemwe nthawi yabwino kwambiri yokhala ndi pakati pa nthawi yoyamba idzakhala zaka 16 - akutero Pulofesa Romuald Dębski, Mtsogoleri wa Chipatala Chachiwiri cha Gynecology and Obstetrics, Chipatala cha Bielański ku Warsaw. - Mankhwala achepetsa chikoka cha chilengedwe pa moyo wa munthu kwambiri kotero kuti lero zingakhale zachinyengo kunamizira kuti palibe magalasi, maantibayotiki kapena transplants - akuwonjezera.
Mbiri ya kulera
Kale anthu ankaona kugwirizana pakati pa kugonana ndi kubadwa kwa ana. Komabe, sankadziwa kuti n’zotheka kukhala ndi pakati pa nthawi inayake ya msambo. Kalelo, kuletsa kutenga pakati kunkangoyang'ana kwambiri kuletsa ubwamuna wa mwamuna kufika mkatikati mwa mkazi. Kuyang'anitsitsa kogwira mtima kunapangidwa poyamba pa zinyama.
Zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo, Bedouins asananyamuke m’chipululu, anaika miyala m’mimba mwa ngamila kuti zisatenge mimba paulendo wautali. Mu gumbwa la Aigupto kuyambira zaka 4000 zapitazo, adapeza kuti akazi adalangizidwa kuti aziyika nyini ya chimbudzi cha ng'ona chosakanikirana ndi mtanda.
Azimayi achiaborijini a ku Australia adachotsa umuna kumaliseche pochita kugwedezeka ndikugwedeza chiuno. Agiriki akale ankavomereza kuti munthu aziyetsemula pambuyo pogonana, ndipo “tate wa mankhwala” Hippocrates anali wochirikiza kuchapa kumaliseche ndi mtsinje wa mkodzo. Bambo wa kondomu yamakono anali dokotala waku Italy wazaka za zana la XNUMX Gabriele Falloppe. Makondomu oyambirira anapangidwa kuchokera ku matumbo a nyama, zikhodzodzo zosambira kuchokera ku nsomba, ndipo ku America kuchokera ku zikopa za njoka. Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse isanayambe, dokotala wa ku Germany Ernest Grafenberg anaika zomwe zimatchedwa "mphete za Grafenberg" zomwe zimakhala ndi siliva wa German (aloyi ya siliva ndi mkuwa). Ntchito ya upainiya ya Grafenberg inatsutsidwa ndi bungwe la German Gynecological Society, lomwe linamukakamiza kusamukila ku United States.
Estrogen ndi progesterone mu kulera
- Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri m'mbiri ya kulera chinali kupezeka kwa mahomoni okhudzana ndi msambo - estrogen yaikulu mu gawo loyamba ndi progesterone mu gawo lachiwiri - akufotokoza Prof. Romuald Dębski. Zadziwika kuti amayi apakati ndi amayi omwe amagonana ndi mphamvu ya progesterone pa nthawi yozungulira sakhala ndi umuna. M'zaka za m'ma XNUMX ku USA, Myuda Gregory Pinkus adachita kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi momwe mahomoni amawongolera kutuluka kwa ovulation. Iye ankaganiza kuti ngati mkazi sakhala wosabereka pa mimba, m`pofunika kuti tifulumizane m`thupi zinthu m`thupi mofanana ndi mmene zinalili panthawiyo, mwachitsanzo kumupatsa progesterone. M’mbuyomo, katswiri wa zamoyo wa ku Austria, Ludwig Haberland, anabaya akalulu aakazi jekeseni wa akalulu aakazi jekeseni kuchokera m’thumba la dzira la akalulu amene ali ndi pakati, zimene zinapangitsa kuti zisabereke. Vuto linali momwe tingapezere mahomoni omwe timafunikira. Zikwizikwi za dzira la nkhumba zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga izo.
Piritsi yoyamba yolerera
Katswiri wa zamankhwala, ndakatulo komanso wolemba mabuku Carl Djerassi amakhulupirira kuti ndiye tate wa mapiritsi olerera. Monga dotolo wachinyamata wa chemistry, adatsogolera gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi ku USA, lomwe mu 1951 adapanga chinthu choyamba chomwe chinali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi ma hormone achilengedwe amthupi - progesterone. Anagwiritsa ntchito zomera kuti apange izo. Komabe, kuti alembetse mapiritsi olerera, zotsatira za kafukufuku wopangidwa mpaka pano pa nyama zinayenera kutsimikiziridwa mwa anthu. Ku United States, kuchokera mu 1873, Lamulo la Comstock linaletsa kufufuza za kulera. Pachifukwa ichi, mayesero azachipatala adachitidwa muchitetezo cha ku America, pomwe zoletsa izi sizinagwire ntchito - ku Puerto Rico.
Zotsatirazo zitatsimikiziridwa, zopinga zamaganizo zinkayenerabe kugonjetsedwera. Otsatira a ku America ankaona kuti mapiritsi olerera ndi njira yotsutsa Akhristu ndi Bolshevik pofuna kuwononga anthu a ku America. Komabe, mu 1960, piritsi loyamba la kulera, Enovid, linalembetsedwa ku USA. Posakhalitsa, mapiritsi olerera anapangidwa ndi makampani 7 aku America opanga mankhwala. Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 60, mtengo wogulitsa unakula ndi 50%. chaka chilichonse. Ku Ulaya, woyamba kugulitsa mankhwala oletsa kutenga mimba anali United Kingdom mu 1961. Piritsi yolerera inaperekedwa ku France kokha mu 1967.
Otsutsa kulera
Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1968, Papa Paulo VI anadzudzula kulera m’buku lake lofotokoza za Humanae vitae. Kafukufuku wachitikanso pofuna kutsimikizira zotsatira zoyipa za kugwiritsa ntchito mapiritsi olerera pakuwonjezeka kwa matenda amtima ndi khansa ya m'mawere. Otsutsa kulera kwa mahomoni adanenanso kuti sizikugwirizana ndi chilengedwe. Pulofesa Romuald Dębski akuvomereza kuti mapiritsi oyambirira olerera anali ndi zotsatira zoipa pa thanzi la amayi. - Piritsi yoyamba yolerera inali ndi 10 mg ya progesterone yofanana, kukonzekera kwamakono 0,35. Kotero zomwe zili mkatizo zinachepetsedwa pafupifupi maulendo 30. Kuonjezera apo, kukonzekera kwaposachedwa kumatsanzira kayendedwe kachilengedwe ka thupi la mkazi - choyamba amamasula estradiol, hormone yofanana ndi yomwe imapangidwa ndi mazira aakazi, ndiyeno yofanana ndi progesterone.
Chitetezo cha kulera
- Mankhwala amakono a mahomoni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali sikuti amachititsa kuti pakhale chiopsezo cha khansa ya m'mawere, komanso amachepetsa chiopsezo cha khansa ya ovari, khansa ya endometrial - akufotokoza Prof. Debski. Iye akuwonjezera kuti, ndithudi, pali contraindications, monga kusuta, amene pamodzi ndi m`thupi kulera, kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima. Amayi omwe ali ndi vuto la chiwindi kapena ndulu amalangizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolerera za mahomoni monga zigamba kapena mphete zakumaliseche. Pulofesa Mariusz Bidziński, Purezidenti wa Polish Society of Oncological Gynecology, amakhulupiriranso kuti mankhwala oletsa kulera amakono ndi otetezeka ngati mayiyo amayang'ana maulendo anthawi zonse kwa dokotala wachikazi. Onse kwa amayi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kulera kwa mahomoni komanso osagwiritsa ntchito njira zolerera, kuchuluka kwa maulendowa ndi kamodzi pachaka.
Mphamvu ya mapiritsi
- Mapiritsi olerera ndi othandiza kuposa mankhwala ophera umuna kapena makondomu - akutero Prof. Debski. Opanga mapiritsi amapereka pafupifupi 100% chitetezo ku mimba. Nanga ana obadwa panthaŵi ya chithandizo cha kulera amachokera kuti? Pulofesa Dębski akufotokoza kuti izi ndizovuta kwambiri zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kumwa mapiritsi mosakhazikika. Azimayi amaiwala kumwa mapiritsi. Choncho, tsopano chitsanzo cha kulandiridwa kwawo chikusintha. – Masiku ano, tingachipeze powerenga chitsanzo chotenga piritsi 21/7 salinso cholondola, mwachitsanzo, kutenga nkhani mlungu uliwonse nthawi kusiya, pamene pali magazi, umene ndi umboni wa kusowa mimba kwa wodwalayo. Chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri ya mankhwala olerera komanso kupezeka kwa mayeso a mimba, amayi safunanso chitsimikiziro chotere. M'malo mwake, amapatsidwa mapaketi a mapiritsi okhala ndi mapiritsi 28 kwa masiku 28. Mapiritsi 24 a phukusili ali ndi mahomoni ndipo 4 otsalawo sagwira ntchito m'thupi. Mapiritsi opanda kanthuwa amayambitsidwa, mwa zina, kuti wodwalayo azolowere kumwa mankhwalawa tsiku lililonse - akufotokoza Prof. Debski.