Emotions (W. James)

Kufananiza maganizo ndi chibadwa

James V. Psychology. Gawo II

St. Petersburg: Nyumba Yosindikizira KL Rikker, 1911. S.323-340.

Kusiyanitsa pakati pa malingaliro ndi chibadwa chagona pa mfundo yakuti kutengeka ndi chilakolako chofuna kumva, ndipo chibadwa ndi chikhumbo cha kuchitapo kanthu pamaso pa chinthu chodziwika mu chilengedwe. Koma maganizo amakhalanso ndi mawonetseredwe a thupi, omwe nthawi zina amakhala ndi kukangana kwamphamvu kwa minofu (mwachitsanzo, panthawi ya mantha kapena mkwiyo); ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kujambula mzere wakuthwa pakati pa kufotokoza za momwe munthu akumvera komanso kuchita mwachibadwa komwe kungathe kudzutsidwa ndi chinthu chomwecho. Ndi mutu uti uyenera kunenedwa kuti chodabwitsa cha mantha - ku mutu wa chibadwa kapena mutu wa malingaliro? Kodi malongosoledwe a chidwi, mpikisano, ndi zina zotero ayeneranso kuyikidwa kuti? Kuchokera kumalingaliro asayansi, izi ndizosasamala, choncho, tiyenera kutsogoleredwa ndi malingaliro othandiza okha kuti tithetse nkhaniyi. Monga momwe zilili mkati mwa malingaliro, zomverera sizingathe kufotokozedwa. Kuonjezera apo, kulongosola koteroko kungakhale kosayenera, popeza maganizo, monga momwe amaganizira, amadziwika kale ndi owerenga. Titha kungofotokoza za ubale wawo ndi zinthu zomwe zimawayitanira komanso momwe zimayendera. Chilichonse chomwe chimakhudza chibadwa chathu chimatha kudzutsa malingaliro mwa ife. Kusiyana konseku kwagona pa mfundo yakuti zomwe zimatchedwa kutengeka maganizo sikudutsa thupi la phunziro lomwe likuyesedwa, koma zomwe zimatchedwa kuti mwachibadwa zimatha kupita patsogolo ndikulowa mu ubale wogwirizana pochita ndi chinthu chomwe chimayambitsa. izo. Ponse paŵiri mwachibadwa ndi m’maganizo, kungokumbukira chinthu chimene wapatsidwa kapena chithunzi chake kungakhale kokwanira kuyambitsa chidwi. Mwamuna angaipidwenso kwambiri akaganizira za chipongwe chimene wachitiridwacho kusiyana ndi mmene wachitidwira nacho mwachindunji, ndipo pambuyo pa imfa ya mayiyo angakhale ndi chisoni chachikulu kwa iye kuposa mmene analili m’moyo wake. M'mutu wonsewu, ndigwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "chinthu chokhudzidwa", ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito mosasamala pazochitika pamene chinthu ichi chiri chinthu chenichenicho, komanso pamene chinthu choterocho chimangowonetseranso.

Kusiyanasiyana kwamalingaliro kulibe malire

Mkwiyo, mantha, chikondi, chidani, chimwemwe, chisoni, manyazi, kunyada, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malingaliro ameneŵa tingati mitundu yoipitsitsa kwambiri ya maganizo, yogwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi chisangalalo champhamvu chakuthupi. Kutengeka mtima kowonjezereka ndi chikhalidwe, nzeru, ndi kukongola, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukhudzika kwa thupi. Zinthu zokhudzidwa zimatha kufotokozedwa mosalekeza. Mithunzi yosawerengeka ya aliyense wa iwo mosazindikira imadutsana m'chimzake ndipo imasonyezedwa m'chinenerocho ndi mawu ofanana, monga chidani, kudana, udani, mkwiyo, kusakonda, kunyansidwa, kubwezera, chidani, kunyansidwa, ndi zina zotero. okhazikitsidwa m'madikishonale a mawu ofanana ndi maphunziro a psychology; m'mabuku ambiri achijeremani okhudza psychology, mitu yokhudzana ndi zomverera imangokhala madikishonale a mawu ofanana. Koma pali malire ena ofotokozera bwino zomwe zadziwonetsera kale, ndipo zotsatira za ntchito zambiri kumbali iyi ndikuti zolemba zofotokozera za nkhaniyi kuchokera ku Descartes mpaka lero zikuyimira nthambi yotopetsa ya psychology. Komanso, mumamva pomuphunzira kuti magawo a malingaliro operekedwa ndi akatswiri a zamaganizo ali, muzochitika zambiri, zongopeka chabe kapena zofunikira kwambiri, ndi kuti zonena zawo za kulondola kwa mawu achinsinsi ndizopanda pake. Koma, mwatsoka, kafukufuku wochuluka wamalingaliro okhudza kutengeka mtima ndi wongofotokoza chabe. M'mabuku, timawerenga kufotokoza za maganizo, kulengedwa kuti tidzipezere tokha. M'menemo timadziwa zinthu ndi zochitika zomwe zimadzutsa malingaliro, choncho mbali iliyonse yachinsinsi ya kudziyang'ana yomwe imakongoletsa tsamba ili la bukuli nthawi yomweyo imapeza mwa ife kumverera kwakumverera. Zolemba zakale ndi zafilosofi, zolembedwa ngati ma aphorisms angapo, zimawunikiranso moyo wathu wamalingaliro komanso, zosangalatsa zomwe timamva, zimatipatsa chisangalalo. Ponena za "scientific psychology" yakumverera, ndiyenera kuti ndawononga kukoma kwanga powerenga zambiri zamaphunziro apamwamba pa phunziroli. Koma ndikadakonda kuwerenga mafotokozedwe am'mawu a kukula kwa miyala ku New Hampshire kuposa kuwerenganso ntchito zamaganizidwe izi. Mulibe mfundo yotsogolera yobala zipatso mwa iwo, mulibe lingaliro lalikulu. Mamvedwe amasiyanasiyana ndipo ali ndi mithunzi mwa iwo ad infinitum, koma simupeza zomveka zomveka mwa iwo. Pakadali pano, chithumwa chonse cha ntchito yasayansi yeniyeni chagona pakuzama kosalekeza kwa kusanthula kwanzeru. Kodi ndizosatheka kukwera pamwamba pa mafotokozedwe enieni posanthula malingaliro? Ndikuganiza kuti pali njira yotuluka m'malo ofotokozera enieni, ndikofunikira kuyesetsa kuti mupeze.

Chifukwa cha kusiyana maganizo

Zovuta zomwe zimabwera mu psychology pakuwunika kwamalingaliro zimawuka, zikuwoneka kwa ine, chifukwa ndizozolowera kuziwona ngati zochitika zosiyana kwambiri ndi mnzake. Malingana ngati tilingalira aliyense wa iwo ngati mtundu wina wa zinthu zauzimu zosatha, zosasinthika, monga zamoyo zomwe kale zimaganiziridwa mu biology kukhala zinthu zosasinthika, mpaka pamenepo tikhoza kulemba molemekeza mbali zosiyanasiyana za malingaliro, madigiri awo ndi zochita zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi iwo. Koma ngati timawawona ngati zinthu zazinthu zambiri (monga, mwachitsanzo, mu biology, kusiyana kwa zamoyo kumawonedwa ngati chinthu chosinthika chifukwa cha chilengedwe komanso kufalikira kwa zosintha zomwe zapezedwa kudzera mu cholowa), ndiye kukhazikitsidwa za kusiyana ndi m'magulu adzakhala njira zothandizira chabe. Ngati tili kale ndi tsekwe yemwe amaikira mazira a golide, ndiye kuti kufotokoza dzira lililonse loikidwiratu payekha ndilofunika kwambiri. M'masamba ochepa omwe akutsatira, ine, ndikudziyika ndekha ku zomwe zimatchedwa kuti gu.e.mi mitundu yamalingaliro, ndikuwonetsa chifukwa chimodzi chamalingaliro - chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chambiri.

Kumverera mumitundu yamtundu wa gu.ex ndi zotsatira za mawonekedwe ake amthupi

Ndi mwambo kuganiza kuti mu mitundu yapamwamba ya kutengeka, malingaliro amatsenga omwe alandiridwa kuchokera ku chinthu chopatsidwa amadzutsa mwa ife mkhalidwe wamaganizo wotchedwa kutengeka, ndipo chotsiriziracho chimaphatikizapo maonekedwe ena a thupi. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso changa, m'malo mwake, chisangalalo cha thupi nthawi yomweyo chimatsatira kuzindikira komwe kunayambitsa, ndipo kuzindikira kwathu chisangalalo ichi pamene chikuchitika ndi kutengeka. Ndichizoloŵezi kufotokoza tokha motere: tataya chuma chathu, tikuvutika ndi kulira; tidakumana ndi chimbalangondo, tachita mantha ndikuthawa; mdani watichitira chipongwe, timkwiyitsa, ndipo timkantha. Malinga ndi lingaliro lomwe ndimateteza, dongosolo la zochitikazi liyenera kukhala losiyana - ndilo: chikhalidwe choyamba chamaganizo sichimasinthidwa nthawi yomweyo ndi chachiwiri, payenera kukhala mawonetseredwe a thupi pakati pawo, choncho amafotokozedwa momveka bwino motere: ndi achisoni chifukwa timalira; kukwiya chifukwa timamenya wina; timachita mantha chifukwa timanjenjemera, ndipo osanena: tikulira, kumenya, kunjenjemera, chifukwa tili achisoni, okwiya, amantha. Ngati mawonetseredwe a thupi sanatsatire nthawi yomweyo kuzindikira, ndiye yotsirizira ikanakhala mu mawonekedwe mwangwiro chidziwitso mchitidwe, wotumbululuka, wopanda mtundu ndi maganizo «kutentha». Tikatero tingathe kuona chimbalangondocho n’kusankha kuti chinthu chabwino kwambiri n’chakuti tithawe, tinganyozedwe n’kuona kuti n’cholinga chongothetsa nkhonyayo, koma sitingachite mantha kapena kukwiya nthawi yomweyo.

Lingaliro lofotokozedwa molimba mtima chotere lingayambitse kukayikira nthawi yomweyo. Ndipo pakadali pano, kuti tichepetse mawonekedwe ake owoneka ngati odabwitsa komanso, mwina, ngakhale kukhutiritsidwa ndi chowonadi chake, palibe chifukwa chotembenukira kuzinthu zambiri komanso zakutali.

Choyamba, tiyeni tiyang'ane pa mfundo yakuti lingaliro lililonse, kupyolera mumtundu wina wa thupi, limakhala ndi zotsatira zofala pa thupi lathu, kutsogola kutuluka mwa ife kwa malingaliro kapena chithunzithunzi chamaganizo. Kumvetsera ndakatulo, sewero, nkhani ya ngwazi, nthawi zambiri timawona modabwa kuti kunjenjemera kumathamanga mwadzidzidzi m'thupi lathu, ngati mafunde, kapena kuti mtima wathu unayamba kugunda mofulumira, ndipo misozi imatuluka mwadzidzidzi m'maso mwathu. Zomwezi zimawonedwanso mwanjira yowoneka bwino pomvera nyimbo. Ngati, tikuyenda m'nkhalango, mwadzidzidzi timawona chinachake chakuda, chikuyenda, mtima wathu umayamba kugunda, ndipo nthawi yomweyo timapuma, popanda kukhala ndi nthawi yoti tipange lingaliro lodziwika bwino la zoopsa m'mutu mwathu. Ngati mnzathu wapamtima afika pafupi ndi mphepete mwa phompho, timayamba kumva kumverera kodziwika bwino kosasunthika ndikubwerera m'mbuyo, ngakhale tikudziwa bwino kuti ali pachiwopsezo ndipo alibe lingaliro losiyana la kugwa kwake. Wolembayo amakumbukira bwino lomwe kudabwa kwake pamene, ali mnyamata wa zaka 7-8, nthawi ina anakomoka ataona magazi, omwe, atatha kukhetsa magazi pa kavalo, anali mumtsuko. M’chidebechi munali ndodo, anayamba kugwedeza ndi ndodo madzi amene ankatuluka mu ndodoyo n’kulowa mumtsukomo, ndipo iye sanakumanepo ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa zinthu zachibwana basi. Mwadzidzidzi kuwala kunayamba kuzimiririka m’maso mwake, m’makutu mwake munamveka phokoso, ndipo anakomoka. Iye anali asanamvepo kale kuti kuwona magazi kungayambitse nseru ndi kukomoka mwa anthu, ndipo sananyansidwe nazo kwambiri ndipo adawona zoopsa zochepa momwemo kotero kuti ngakhale ali wamng'ono kwambiri sakanachita koma kudabwa momwe Kukhalapo kwa madzi ofiira m'chidebe kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zodabwitsa pathupi.

Umboni wabwino kwambiri wosonyeza kuti chifukwa chachindunji cha kutengeka maganizo ndi machitidwe a thupi la zokopa zakunja pa mitsempha zimaperekedwa ndi milandu ya pathological yomwe palibe chinthu chofanana ndi maganizo. Chimodzi mwazabwino kwambiri pamalingaliro anga okhudza kutengeka ndikuti kudzera mu izi titha kubweretsa zochitika zapathological komanso zachilendo pamalingaliro amodzi. M’malo othaŵirako amisala aliwonse timapezamo zitsanzo zaukali wosasonkhezeredwa, mantha, kuipidwa mtima kapena kulota uli maso, limodzinso ndi zitsanzo za kupanda chidwi kofananako kosasonkhezeredwa kumene kumapitirizabe mosasamala kanthu za kusakhalapo kwa zolinga zakunja. Pachiyambi choyamba, tiyenera kuganiza kuti dongosolo lamanjenje lakhala likumvera kukhudzidwa kwinakwake kotero kuti pafupifupi chiwopsezo chilichonse, ngakhale chosayenera kwambiri, ndicho chifukwa chokwanira chodzutsa chisangalalo m'mbali iyi ndipo potero chimayambitsa chachilendo. zovuta zamalingaliro omwe amapanga malingaliro awa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati munthu wodziwika nthawi imodzi amalephera kupuma mozama, palpitations, kusintha kwachilendo kwa ntchito ya mitsempha ya pneumogastric, yotchedwa "mtima kuwawa", chikhumbo chofuna kukhala ndi malo osasunthika, komanso, kuphatikizapo. , njira zina zosadziwika bwino za m'matumbo, kuphatikiza kwa zochitikazi kumapangitsa kuti azikhala ndi mantha, ndipo amagwidwa ndi mantha a imfa omwe amadziwika bwino ndi ena.

Mnzanga wina, yemwe anadwala matenda owopsa kwambiri awa, anandiuza kuti mtima wake ndi zida zake zopumira zinali phata la kuvutika maganizo; kuti kuyesayesa kwake kwakukulu kuti agonjetse kuukirako kunali kulamulira kupuma kwake ndi kuchedwetsa kugunda kwa mtima wake, ndi kuti mantha ake anazimiririka atangoyamba kupuma mozama ndi kuwongoka.

Apa kutengeka mtima kumangokhala kutengeka kwa thupi ndipo kumayamba chifukwa cha kachitidwe ka thupi.

Komanso, tiyeni timvetsere mfundo yakuti kusintha kulikonse kwa thupi, kaya kukhale kotani, kumamveka momveka bwino kapena momveka bwino ndi ife panthawi ya maonekedwe ake. Ngati wowerenga sanayambebe kulabadira izi, ndiye kuti angazindikire ndi chidwi ndi kudabwa momwe zomverera zambiri m'madera osiyanasiyana a thupi ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimatsagana ndi chikhalidwe chimodzi cha mzimu wake. Palibe chifukwa choyembekezera kuti wowerenga, chifukwa cha kusanthula kwamaganizidwe kotereku, adzichedwetsa mwayekha zikhumbo zokopa chidwi podziwonera yekha, koma amatha kuwona zomwe zimachitika mwa iye m'malingaliro odekha, ndipo ziganizo zomwe zingakhale zomveka ponena za kufooka kwa malingaliro angawonjezedwe ku malingaliro omwewo mwamphamvu kwambiri. Mu voliyumu yonse yomwe thupi lathu limakhala, panthawi yotengeka, timakhala ndi zomverera zowoneka bwino, kuchokera ku gawo lililonse lazo malingaliro osiyanasiyana amalowera mu chidziwitso, momwe kumverera kwa umunthu kumapangidwira, kumangoganizira za munthu aliyense. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti nthawi zambiri timakhala ndi zochitika zochepa m'maganizo mwathu. Pokhala ngakhale pang'ono pang'ono kukhumudwa ndi chinachake, tikhoza kuona kuti maganizo athu nthawi zonse physiologically amasonyezedwa makamaka ndi madontho a maso ndi minofu ya nsidze. Ndi zovuta zosayembekezereka, timayamba kukhala ndi vuto lamtundu wina pakhosi, zomwe zimatipangitsa kuti titenge, kuyeretsa khosi kapena chifuwa mopepuka; zochitika zofanana zimawonedwa muzochitika zina zambiri. Chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe kusintha kwachilengedweku komwe kumatsagana ndi malingaliro kumachitika, tinganene, pamaziko amalingaliro osamveka, kuti mthunzi uliwonse pawokha umakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera a thupi, omwe ali ngati unicum ngati mthunzi wa kutengeka mtima. Kuchuluka kwa ziwalo zathupi zomwe zimasinthidwa panthawi yomwe wakhudzidwa zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa munthu yemwe ali wodekha kutulutsanso mawonekedwe akunja amalingaliro aliwonse. Titha kubwereza kusewera kwa minofu yoyenda mwaufulu yogwirizana ndi kutengeka komwe kwaperekedwa, koma sitingathe mwakufuna kubweretsa kukondoweza koyenera pakhungu, glands, mtima, ndi viscera. Monga momwe kuyetsemula kochita kupanga kulibe kanthu poyerekezera ndi kuyetsemula kwenikweni, momwemonso kutulutsa chisoni kochita kupanga kwachisoni kapena kutengeka mtima popanda nthaŵi yoyenera kaamba ka mkhalidwe wofananawo sikutulutsa chinyengo chonse.

Tsopano ndikufuna kupitiliza kufotokozera mfundo yofunika kwambiri ya chiphunzitso changa, chomwe ndi ichi: ngati tilingalira malingaliro amphamvu ndikuyesera kuchotsa malingaliro athu kuchokera ku chikhalidwe ichi cha chidziwitso chathu, chimodzi ndi chimodzi, zomverera zonse za zizindikiro za thupi. kugwirizanitsidwa ndi izo, ndiye pamapeto pake sipadzakhalanso chilichonse chotsalira cha kutengeka uku, palibe "zamatsenga" zomwe kumverera uku kungapangidwe. Chotsatira chake ndi mkhalidwe wopanda chidwi, wosasamala wa kuzindikira kopanda nzeru. Ambiri mwa anthu amene ndinawafunsa kuti atsimikizire maganizo anga mwa kudzipenyerera anavomerezana nane mokwanira, koma ena mouma khosi anapitirizabe kunena kuti kudzipenyerera kwawo sikunalungamitse lingaliro langa. Anthu ambiri samamvetsetsa funso lokha. Mwachitsanzo, mumawapempha kuti achotse m'chidziwitso kuseka kulikonse ndi kuseka kulikonse ndikuwona chinthu choseketsa ndiyeno kunena kuti mbali yoseketsa ya chinthucho idzaphatikizana ndi chiyani, kaya ndi lingaliro losavuta la chinthu cha chinthu. kwa gulu la "zopusa" sadzakhalabe mu chidziwitso; pa zimenezi amayankha mouma khosi kuti n’zosatheka mwakuthupi ndipo nthawi zonse amakakamizika kuseka akaona chinthu choseketsa. Panthawiyi, ntchito imene ndinawafunsira inali yakuti, kuyang'ana chinthu choseketsa, kuwononga mwa iwo okha chikhumbo chilichonse cha kuseka. Imeneyi ndi ntchito yongopeka chabe, ndipo imaphatikizapo kuchotsa m'maganizo zinthu zina zomveka kuchokera kumaganizo otengedwa lonse, ndikudziwitsa zomwe zotsalirazo zikanakhala ngati zili choncho. Sindingathe kuchotsa lingaliro loti aliyense amene amamvetsetsa bwino funso lomwe ndafunsa angagwirizane ndi zomwe ndanena pamwambapa.

Sindingathe kulingalira kuti ndi mantha amtundu wanji omwe adzakhalebe m'maganizo mwathu ngati tichotsamo malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugunda kwa mtima, kupuma pang'ono, kunjenjemera kwa milomo, kupumula kwa miyendo, kuphulika kwa tsekwe ndi chisangalalo mkati. Kodi wina angaganizire mkhalidwe waukali ndipo nthawi yomweyo kuganiza osati chisangalalo m'chifuwa, kuthamanga kwa magazi kumaso, kufutukuka kwa mphuno, kukukuta mano ndi chikhumbo cha ntchito zamphamvu, koma mosiyana. : minofu mu mkhalidwe womasuka, ngakhale kupuma ndi nkhope yabata. Wolemba, osachepera, sangathe kuchita izi. Pankhaniyi, m'malingaliro ake, mkwiyo uyenera kukhala kulibe monga kumverera kogwirizana ndi mawonetseredwe ena akunja, ndipo wina akhoza kuganiza. kuti chimene chatsala chiri chabe chiweruzo chabata, chopanda chifundo, chimene chiri kotheratu kwa dziko laluntha, ndiko kuti, lingaliro lakuti munthu wodziŵika bwino kapena anthu ayenera kulangidwa kaamba ka machimo awo. Lingaliro lomwelo limagwiranso ntchito pamalingaliro achisoni: kodi chisoni chingakhale chiyani popanda misozi, kulira, kuchedwa kwa mtima, kukhumba m'mimba? Kulandidwa kamvekedwe kanyama, kuzindikira kuti zinthu zina zimakhala zachisoni - ndipo palibenso china. Zomwezo zimapezekanso pofufuza chilakolako china chilichonse. Kutengeka maganizo kwa munthu, kopanda mzera uliwonse wa thupi, ndi mawu amodzi opanda kanthu. Sindikunena kuti kutengeka maganizo koteroko kuli kosiyana ndi mmene zinthu zilili ndiponso kuti mizimu yoyera imatsutsidwa ku moyo waluntha wopanda chilakolako. Ndikungofuna kunena kuti kwa ife kutengeka, kosiyana ndi zomverera zonse za thupi, ndi chinthu chosayerekezeka. Ndikapenda kwambiri malingaliro anga, m'pamenenso ndimakhala wotsimikiza kuti zilakolako za "gu.ee" ndi chisangalalo zomwe ndimakumana nazo zimapangidwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa thupi komwe timawatcha mawonetseredwe kapena zotsatira zake. Ndipo koposa zonse zimayamba kuwoneka ngati zotheka kwa ine kuti ngati thupi langa likhala lopweteka (lopanda chidwi), moyo wazokhudza, zonse zosangalatsa komanso zosasangalatsa, udzakhala wachilendo kwa ine ndipo ndiyenera kutulutsa kukhala ndi chidziwitso. kapena khalidwe laluntha. Ngakhale kuti kukhalapo koteroko kunkawoneka kukhala koyenera kwa anzeru akale, koma kwa ife, olekanitsidwa ndi mibadwo yochepa chabe kuchokera ku nyengo yafilosofi yomwe inabweretsa chikhumbo patsogolo, chiyenera kuoneka ngati chopanda chidwi, chopanda moyo, kukhala choyenera kuyesetsa mouma khosi. .

Malingaliro anga sangatchedwe okonda chuma

Palibe zambiri komanso zocheperako zokonda zakuthupi momwemo kuposa momwe zimakhalira ndi momwe malingaliro athu amachitidwira ndi njira zamanjenje. Palibe m'modzi mwa owerenga bukhu langa amene adzakwiyire lingaliro ili bola litanenedwa mwachisawawa, ndipo ngati wina aliyense akuwona kukonda chuma pamalingaliro awa, ndiye kuti ali ndi malingaliro awa kapena uwo. Kutengeka maganizo ndi njira zomverera zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi mitsempha yamkati yamkati yomwe imatuluka pansi pa mphamvu ya kunja. Zoterezi, komabe, zakhala zikuganiziridwa ndi Platonizing psychologists monga zochitika zokhudzana ndi chinthu chotsika kwambiri. Koma, ziribe kanthu momwe thupi limapangidwira pakupanga malingaliro athu, mwa iwo okha, monga zochitika zamaganizo, ziyenera kukhalabe momwe zilili. Ngati zili zakuya, zoyera, zamtengo wapatali zamaganizo, ndiye kuti kuchokera ku lingaliro la chiphunzitso chilichonse cha thupi la chiyambi chawo iwo adzakhalabe ozama, oyera, ofunika kwa ife mu tanthauzo monga momwe aliri kuchokera ku lingaliro lathu. Amadzipangira okha muyeso wamkati wa kufunikira kwawo, ndikutsimikizira, mothandizidwa ndi chiphunzitso chamalingaliro, kuti njira zomverera siziyenera kusiyanitsidwa ndi maziko, chikhalidwe chakuthupi, ndizosagwirizana momveka ngati kutsutsa zomwe akufuna. chiphunzitso, kulozera ku chenicheni chakuti chimatsogolera ku kutanthauzira kwapansi kokonda chuma. zochitika za kutengeka.

Lingaliro lomwe laperekedwa limafotokoza mitundu yodabwitsa yamalingaliro

Ngati chiphunzitso chomwe ndikupereka ndi cholondola, ndiye kuti kutengeka kulikonse kumakhala chifukwa cha kuphatikizika kwa zinthu zina zamalingaliro, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zochitika zina za thupi. Zomwe zimapangidwira zomwe zimapanga kusintha kulikonse m'thupi ndi zotsatira za reflex chifukwa cha kukopa kwakunja. Izi nthawi yomweyo zimadzutsa mafunso angapo otsimikizika, omwe amasiyana kwambiri ndi mafunso aliwonse omwe amafunsidwa ndi oimira malingaliro ena amalingaliro. Malinga ndi malingaliro awo, ntchito zokhazo zomwe zingatheke pakuwunika momwe kutengeka zimakhalira ndi gulu: "Kodi malingalirowa ndi amtundu wanji kapena mtundu wanji?" kapena kufotokoza: "Ndi mawonekedwe akunja ati omwe amawonetsa kutengeka kumeneku?". Tsopano ndi nkhani yofufuza zomwe zimayambitsa kutengeka mtima: "Kodi izi kapena chinthucho chimayambitsa chiyani mwa ife?" ndi "N'chifukwa chiyani zimachititsa mwa ife izi osati zosintha zina?". Kuchokera pakuwunika kwachiphamaso kwa malingaliro, motero timapita ku phunziro lozama, kupita ku phunziro lapamwamba. Gulu ndi kufotokozera ndi magawo otsika kwambiri pakukula kwa sayansi. Funso la causation likangoyamba kumene mu gawo la kafukufuku wasayansi, magulu ndi mafotokozedwe amabwerera kumbuyo ndikusunga kufunikira kwake pokhapokha pamene akuthandizira kuphunzira za causality kwa ife. Titalongosola bwino kuti chifukwa cha kutengeka maganizo ndi zosawerengeka reflex zochita zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha zinthu zakunja ndipo nthawi yomweyo amazindikira ife, ndiye nthawi yomweyo zimaonekera kwa ife chifukwa chake pangakhale zosawerengeka maganizo ndi chifukwa chake mwa munthu payekha akhoza amasiyana mpaka kalekale. ponse pakupanga ndi zolinga zomwe zimawayambitsa. Chowonadi ndi chakuti muzochita za reflex palibe chosasinthika, mtheradi. Zochita zosiyana kwambiri za reflex ndizotheka, ndipo izi, monga zimadziwika, zimasiyana mopanda malire.

Mwachidule: gulu lililonse la maganizo akhoza kuonedwa «zoona» kapena «chilengedwe» bola ngati akutumikira cholinga chake, ndi mafunso monga «Kodi 'choonadi' kapena 'mtundu' mawu a mkwiyo ndi mantha? zilibe phindu. M'malo mothetsa mafunso oterowo, tiyenera kukhala otanganidwa ndikuwunikira momwe izi kapena "mawu" amantha kapena mkwiyo angachitike - ndipo iyi ndiyo, mbali imodzi, ntchito yamakina azachilengedwe, ina, ntchito ya mbiriyakale. za psyche yaumunthu, ntchito yomwe, monga mavuto onse asayansi amatha kuthetsedwa, ngakhale ndizovuta, mwinamwake, kupeza yankho lake. Pang'ono pang'ono ndipereka zoyesayesa zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zithetse.

Umboni wowonjezera wokomera chiphunzitso changa

Ngati chiphunzitso changa chiri cholondola, ndiye kuti chiyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi umboni wosalunjika wotsatirawu: molingana ndi izo, mwa kudzidzimutsa mwa ife tokha mopanda malire, mumaganizo odekha, zomwe zimatchedwa mawonetseredwe akunja a izi kapena maganizo, tiyenera kukumana nawo. kutengeka kumene. Lingaliro ili, momwe lingathe kutsimikiziridwa ndi zochitika, ndilovomerezeka kwambiri kuposa kutsutsidwa ndi omaliza. Aliyense akudziwa kuchuluka kwa kuthawa kumakulitsa mantha a mantha mwa ife ndi momwe zingathekere kuonjezera malingaliro aukali mwa ife tokha mwa kulekerera mawonekedwe awo akunja. Mwa kuyambiranso kulira, timakulitsa kumverera kwachisoni mwa ife tokha, ndipo kuukira kwatsopano kulikonse kwakulira kumawonjezera chisoni, mpaka pamapeto pake pamakhala bata chifukwa cha kutopa ndi kufooka kowonekera kwa chisangalalo chakuthupi. Aliyense amadziwa momwe mu mkwiyo timadzibweretsera tokha ku malo osangalatsa kwambiri, kubwereza kangapo motsatizana mawonetseredwe akunja a mkwiyo. Limbikitsani mawonetseredwe akunja a chilakolako mwa inu nokha, ndipo adzaundana mwa inu. Musanayambe kupsa mtima, yesani kuwerengera mpaka khumi, ndipo chifukwa cha mkwiyo chidzawoneka ngati chopanda pake kwa inu. Kuti tikhale olimba mtima, timayimba mluzu, ndipo potero timadzipatsadi chidaliro. Kumbali ina, yesetsani kukhala tsiku lonse moganizira mozama, kuusa moyo mphindi iliyonse ndikuyankha mafunso a ena ndi mawu akugwa, ndipo mudzalimbitsanso maganizo anu a melancholic. M'maphunziro amakhalidwe abwino, anthu onse odziwa zambiri azindikira kuti lamulo ili ndilofunika kwambiri: ngati tikufuna kulepheretsa kukopeka kosayenera mwa ife tokha, tiyenera moleza mtima ndipo poyamba tidzibweretsere tokha mayendedwe akunja ogwirizana ndi zosiyana zauzimu zomwe ndi zofunika kwa ife. ife. Chotsatira cha khama lathu lolimbikira m’njira imeneyi chidzakhala chakuti mkhalidwe woipa, wopsinjika maganizo udzazimiririka ndi kuloŵedwa m’malo ndi mkhalidwe wachimwemwe ndi wofatsa. Kongoletsani makwinya pamphumi panu, yeretsani maso anu, wongolerani thupi lanu, lankhulani mokweza kwambiri, mokondwera moni kwa omwe mumadziwa, ndipo ngati mulibe mtima wamwala, ndiye kuti mwadala mudzagonja pang'onopang'ono ku malingaliro okoma.

Potsutsana ndi zomwe tafotokozazi, munthu akhoza kutchula mfundo yakuti, malinga ndi ochita zisudzo ambiri omwe amabereka bwino mawonetseredwe akunja a maganizo ndi mawu awo, maonekedwe a nkhope ndi kayendetsedwe ka thupi, samakhala ndi maganizo. Ena, komabe, malinga ndi umboni wa Dr. Archer, yemwe wasonkhanitsa ziwerengero zachidwi pa nkhaniyi pakati pa ochita zisudzo, amasunga kuti pazochitikazo pamene adakwanitsa kuchita bwino, adakumana ndi malingaliro onse ofanana ndi omaliza. Mmodzi akhoza kuloza ku kufotokozera kosavuta kwa kusamvana kumeneku pakati pa ojambula. M'mawu a aliyense kutengeka, mkati organic chisangalalo akhoza kwathunthu kuponderezedwa mwa anthu ena, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, kumlingo waukulu, maganizo palokha, pamene anthu ena alibe luso. Ochita zisudzo omwe amamva kutengeka pamene akuchita masewera sangathe; iwo omwe alibe kutengeka mtima amatha kulekanitsa kwathunthu kukhudzidwa ndi mawonekedwe awo.

Yankhani kukana kotheka

Zikhoza kutsutsidwa ndi chiphunzitso changa chakuti nthawi zina, mwa kuchedwetsa mawonetseredwe a kutengeka, timalimbitsa. Mkhalidwe wamaganizo umene mumakumana nawo pamene mikhalidwe imakukakamizani kupeŵa kuseka ndi yopweteka; mkwiyo, woponderezedwa ndi mantha, umasanduka chidani champhamvu. M'malo mwake, kufotokoza momasuka kwa malingaliro kumapereka mpumulo.

Kutsutsa uku kumawonekera kwambiri kuposa kutsimikiziridwa. Pakulankhula, kutengeka kumamveka nthawi zonse. Pambuyo pa kufotokoza, pamene kutuluka kwachibadwa kwachitika m'mitsempha, sitikhalanso ndi malingaliro. Koma ngakhale pamene maonekedwe a nkhope amaponderezedwa ndi ife, chisangalalo chamkati m'chifuwa ndi m'mimba chingadziwonetsere ndi mphamvu yaikulu, monga, mwachitsanzo, ndi kuseka koponderezedwa; kapena kutengeka, kupyolera mwa kuphatikiza kwa chinthu chomwe chimayambitsa ndi chikoka chomwe chimaletsa, chikhoza kubadwanso mumtundu wosiyana kwambiri, womwe ukhoza kutsatiridwa ndi chisangalalo chosiyana ndi champhamvu cha organic. Ndikadakhala ndi chikhumbo chofuna kupha mdani wanga, koma osayesa kutero, ndiye kuti kutengeka mtima kwanga kukanakhala kosiyana kotheratu ndi zomwe zikanandilanda ngati nditakwaniritsa zomwe ndikufuna. Nthawi zambiri, kutsutsa kumeneku sikungatheke.

Zambiri zobisika

M'malingaliro okongoletsa, chisangalalo cha thupi ndi kuchuluka kwa zomverera kungakhale kofooka. Katswiri wa zamatsenga amatha kuyesa ntchito yaluso modekha, popanda kusangalatsa kwa thupi lililonse. Kumbali ina, zojambulajambula zimatha kudzutsa malingaliro amphamvu kwambiri, ndipo muzochitika izi zochitikazo zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi malingaliro omwe tafotokoza. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso chathu, magwero akuluakulu a maganizo ndi mafunde apakati. M'malingaliro okongola (mwachitsanzo, nyimbo), mafunde apakati amatenga gawo lalikulu, mosasamala kanthu kuti zokondweretsa zamkati zimatuluka nawo kapena ayi. Ntchito yodzikongoletsa yokha imayimira chinthu chokometsedwa, ndipo popeza malingaliro okongoletsedwa ndi chinthu chofulumira, «gu.e.go», chidziwitso chodziwika bwino, monga momwe chisangalalo chokongoletsera chogwirizana nacho ndi «gu.e.» ndi yowala. Sindikukana kuti pangakhale zosangalatsa zosaoneka bwino, mwa kuyankhula kwina, pangakhale zokhudzika chifukwa cha chisangalalo cha malo, mosadalira mafunde a centripetal. Malingaliro oterowo amaphatikizapo kudzimva kwa chikhutiro cha makhalidwe, chiyamikiro, chidwi, mpumulo pambuyo pothetsa vutolo. Koma kufooka ndi kusalala kwa malingalirowa, pamene sakugwirizana ndi zokondweretsa za thupi, ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zokhudzidwa kwambiri. Mwa anthu onse opatsidwa chidwi ndi kutengeka, malingaliro obisika nthawi zonse amagwirizanitsidwa ndi chisangalalo cha thupi: chilungamo cha makhalidwe abwino chimawonekera m'mawu kapena m'mawonekedwe a maso, etc. Zomwe timatcha kuyamikira nthawi zonse zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chisangalalo cha thupi, ngakhale zolinga zomwe zidayambitsa izi zinali zanzeru chabe. Ngati chisonyezero chanzeru kapena nzeru zanzeru sizingatichititse kuseka kwenikweni, ngati sitisangalala ndi thupi poona mchitidwe wachilungamo kapena wowolowa manja, ndiye kuti malingaliro athu sangatchulidwe kuti ndi kutengeka mtima. Inde, apa pali chabe luntha maganizo a zochitika kuti timatchula gulu la dexterous, wanzeru kapena chilungamo, owolowa manja, etc. Mfundo zoterezi za chidziwitso, zomwe zikuphatikizapo kuweruza kosavuta, ziyenera kunenedwa chifukwa cha chidziwitso m'malo mwa maganizo a maganizo. .

Kufotokozera za mantha

Pamaziko a malingaliro omwe ndapanga pamwambapa, sindipereka pano mndandanda uliwonse wamalingaliro, palibe gulu lawo, ndipo palibe kufotokoza zazizindikiro zawo. Pafupifupi zonsezi wowerenga angadziwerengere yekha podziwonera yekha ndi kuyang'anitsitsa ena. Komabe, monga chitsanzo cha kufotokozera bwino kwa zizindikiro za kutengeka mtima, ndipereka apa kufotokoza kwa Darwin kwa zizindikiro za mantha:

“Kaŵirikaŵiri mantha amayamba ndi kudabwa ndipo amagwirizana nawo kwambiri moti onse aŵiriwo nthaŵi yomweyo amakhala ndi chiyambukiro pa mphamvu ya kuona ndi kumva. Muzochitika zonsezi, maso ndi pakamwa zimatsegula kwambiri, ndipo nsidze zimakwera. Munthu wamantha m’mphindi yoyambirira amaima m’njira yake, akumagwira mpweya wake ndi kukhala wosasunthika, kapena kugwada pansi, ngati kuti akuyesera mwachibadwa kuti asadziŵe. Mtima umagunda mofulumira, kugunda nthiti ndi mphamvu, ngakhale ndizokayikitsa kwambiri kuti umagwira ntchito kwambiri kuposa nthawi zonse, kutumiza magazi ochuluka kuposa nthawi zonse kumadera onse a thupi, popeza khungu limasanduka lotumbululuka nthawi yomweyo, monga kale lisanayambe. wa kukomoka. Titha kuona kuti kumverera kwa mantha aakulu kumakhudza kwambiri khungu, pozindikira thukuta lodabwitsa la nthawi yomweyo. Thukuta limeneli ndi lochititsa chidwi kwambiri chifukwa pamwamba pa khungu pamakhala kuzizira (motero mawu akuti: thukuta lozizira), pamene pamwamba pa khungu pamakhala kutentha panthawi ya thukuta lochokera ku glands la thukuta. Tsitsi la pakhungu limayima kumapeto, ndipo minofu imayamba kunjenjemera. Mogwirizana ndi kuphwanya yachibadwa dongosolo mu ntchito ya mtima, kupuma amakhala mofulumira. Mitsempha ya salivary imasiya kugwira ntchito bwino, mkamwa umauma ndipo nthawi zambiri umatsegula ndikutsekanso. Ndinaonanso kuti ndi mantha pang'ono pali chikhumbo champhamvu kuyasamula. Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za mantha ndi kunjenjemera kwa minofu yonse ya thupi, nthawi zambiri imayamba kuonekera pamilomo. Chifukwa cha izi, komanso chifukwa cha kuuma kwa pakamwa, mawuwo amakhala osamveka, ogontha, ndipo nthawi zina amatha. «Obstupui steteruntque comae et vox faucibus haesi — Ndine dzanzi; tsitsi langa linaima kumapeto, ndipo mawu anga anafera m’kholingo (lat.) «…

Pamene mantha afika ku ululu wa mantha, timapeza chithunzi chatsopano cha machitidwe a maganizo. Mtima umagunda mosasinthasintha, umayima, ndipo kukomoka kumachitika; nkhope yaphimbidwa ndi zotuwa zakupha; kupuma kumakhala kovuta, mapiko a m'mphuno amagawanika kwambiri, milomo imayenda mogwedezeka, monga momwe munthu akugwedezeka, masaya omwe ali pansi amanjenjemera, kumeza ndi kupuma kumachitika pakhosi, maso otupa, pafupifupi osaphimbidwa ndi zikope, amakhazikika. pa chinthu cha mantha kapena kusinthasintha mosalekeza uku ndi uku. «Huc iluc volvens oculos totumque pererra - Kuzungulira uku ndi uku, diso limazungulira lonse (lat.)». Ophunzirawo akuti ndi otalikirana mosiyanasiyana. Minofu yonse imawuma kapena imabwera mumayendedwe ogwedezeka, nkhonya zimangiriridwa mosinthana, kenako zimachotsedwa, nthawi zambiri kusunthaku kumakhala kosokoneza. Manja amatambasulidwa kutsogolo, kapena amaphimba mutu mosasintha. Bambo Haguenauer anaona izi pochita mantha ndi munthu wa ku Australia. Nthawi zina, pali chikhumbo chadzidzidzi chosatsutsika chothawa, chilakolako ichi ndi champhamvu kwambiri moti asilikali olimba mtima akhoza kugwidwa ndi mantha mwadzidzidzi (Origin of the Emotions (NY Ed.), p. 292.).

Chiyambi cha zochitika zamaganizo

Kodi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimene zimadzutsa kutengeka mtima zimachititsa bwanji kuti tizisangalala m’thupi mwathu? Funsoli lafunsidwa posachedwapa, koma zoyesayesa zosangalatsa zachitika kuyambira pamenepo kuti ziliyankhe.

Zina mwa mawuwa zitha kuwonedwa ngati kubwereza kofooka kwa mayendedwe omwe kale (pamene anali kufotokozedwa momveka bwino) kukhala opindulitsa kwa munthu. Mafotokozedwe amitundu ina angatengedwenso ngati kuberekana kofooka koyenda komwe, pansi pazikhalidwe zina, kunali kofunikira kuwonjezera pazathupi kumayendedwe othandiza. Chitsanzo cha kutengeka maganizo koteroko ndi kupuma movutirapo pa mkwiyo kapena mantha, ndiko kunena kwake, organic echo, kusakwanira kwa dziko pamene munthu amayenera kupuma movutikira pomenyana ndi mdani kapena mdani. ndege yothamanga. Zoterezi, mwina, ndizongoyerekeza za Spencer pankhaniyi, zongopeka zomwe zatsimikiziridwa ndi asayansi ena. Iyenso, malinga ndi kudziwa kwanga, anali wasayansi woyamba kunena kuti mayendedwe ena mwamantha ndi mkwiyo atha kuwonedwa ngati zotsalira zotsalira zomwe zidali zothandiza poyambirira.

Iye anati: “Kuti udzimva pang’ono, maganizo amene amatsagana ndi kuvulala kapena kuthawa amakhala ndi mantha. Kudziwa, pang'ono, malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugwira nyama, kuipha ndi kuidya, kuli ngati kufuna kulanda nyama, kupha ndi kuidya. Chilankhulo chokhacho chomwe timakonda ndi umboni woti zomwe timakonda kuchita zinazake sizili kanthu koma chisangalalo chamatsenga chokhudzana ndi izi. Mantha amphamvu amasonyezedwa mwa kulira, chikhumbo chothaŵa, kunjenjemera kwa mtima, kunjenjemera—m’mawu amodzi, zizindikiro zimene zimatsagana ndi kuzunzika kwenikweni kochititsidwa ndi chinthu chimene chimatisonkhezera ndi mantha. Zilakolako zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiwonongeko, kuwonongedwa kwa chinachake, zimasonyezedwa mu kugwedezeka kwakukulu kwa dongosolo la minofu, pakukuta mano, kutulutsa zikhadabo, kukulitsa maso ndi kupuma - zonsezi ndi zizindikiro zofooka za machitidwe omwe amatsagana ndi kupha nyama. Pazifukwa izi, aliyense akhoza kuwonjezera mfundo zambiri kuchokera pazomwe adakumana nazo, zomwe tanthauzo lake likuwonekeranso. Aliyense akhoza kudziwonera yekha kuti mkhalidwe wamaganizo woyambitsidwa ndi mantha umakhala mu kuyimira zochitika zosasangalatsa zomwe zikutiyembekezera patsogolo; ndi kuti mkhalidwe wa maganizo wotchedwa mkwiyo umaphatikizapo kulingalira zochita zogwirizanitsidwa ndi kuvutitsa munthu wina.

Mfundo yachidziwitso mu mawonekedwe ofooka a machitidwe, othandiza kwa ife pakuwombana kwakukulu ndi chinthu chomwe chinaperekedwa, chapeza ntchito zambiri zomwe zachitika. Mbali yaying'ono yotere monga kutulutsa mano, kuwonetsa mano apamwamba, amaonedwa ndi Darwin ngati chinthu chobadwa ndi ife kuchokera kwa makolo athu, omwe anali ndi mano akuluakulu a maso (mafupa) ndikuwatulutsa pamene akuukira mdani (monga agalu amachitira tsopano). Momwemonso, malinga ndi kunena kwa Darwin, kukweza nsidze polunjika ku chinthu chakunja, kutsegula pakamwa modabwitsidwa, kumabwera chifukwa cha phindu la kayendedwe kameneka muzochitika zovuta kwambiri. Kukweza nsidze kumayenderana ndi kutsegula kwa maso kuti muwone bwino, kutsegula pakamwa ndi kumvetsera kwambiri komanso ndi mpweya wothamanga, womwe nthawi zambiri umatsogolera kupsinjika kwa minofu. Malingana ndi Spencer, kukula kwa mphuno mu mkwiyo ndi zotsalira za zochita zomwe makolo athu adagwiritsa ntchito, kutulutsa mpweya kudzera m'mphuno pa nthawi ya nkhondo, pamene «pakamwa pawo panadzaza ndi gawo la thupi la adani, lomwe iwo adachita. kugwidwa ndi mano” (!). Kunjenjemera pa mantha, malinga ndi Mantegazza, ali ndi cholinga chotenthetsa magazi (!). Wundt amakhulupirira kuti kufiira kwa nkhope ndi khosi ndi njira yomwe imapangidwira kuti igwirizane ndi kupanikizika kwa ubongo wa magazi omwe akuthamangira kumutu chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwadzidzidzi kwa mtima. Wundt ndi Darwin amatsutsa kuti kutuluka kwa misozi kuli ndi cholinga chomwecho: poyambitsa kuthamanga kwa magazi kumaso, amawachotsa ku ubongo. Kuthamanga kwa minofu ya maso, yomwe muubwana ikufuna kuteteza diso ku kuthamanga kwambiri kwa magazi pa nthawi ya kulira kwa mwana, imasungidwa mwa akuluakulu ngati tsinya la nsidze, zomwe nthawi zonse zimachitika nthawi yomweyo. timapeza chinachake m'maganizo kapena zochita. zosasangalatsa kapena zovuta. Darwin ananena kuti: “Popeza kuti chizoloŵezi chokwinya tsinya musanayambe kukuwa kapena kulira chakhalabe chokhazikika kwa ana kwa mibadwo yosaŵerengeka,” akutero Darwin, “chizoloŵezicho chakhala chikugwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi kuyambika kwa zinthu zoopsa kapena zosasangalatsa. Kenaka, pansi pa mikhalidwe yofananayo, inabuka muuchikulire, ngakhale kuti sichinafike polira. Kulira ndi kulira timayamba kupondereza mwaufulu kumayambiriro kwa moyo, koma chizolowezi chokwinya tsinya sichingatheke. Mfundo ina, imene Darwin sangachitire chilungamo, ingatchedwe mfundo yolabadira mofananamo ndi kusonkhezeredwa kwamalingaliro kofananako. Pali ma adjectives angapo omwe timawagwiritsa ntchito mophiphiritsa ku zowoneka zamitundu yosiyanasiyana - malingaliro a gulu lililonse amatha kukhala okoma, olemera, komanso okhalitsa, zomveka zamagulu onse zitha kukhala zakuthwa. Chifukwa chake, Wundt ndi Piderith amawona machitidwe ambiri omveka bwino pazifukwa zamakhalidwe ngati mawu ophiphiritsa owonetsa kukoma. Maganizo athu pamalingaliro okhudzidwa, omwe ali ndi fanizo ndi zomveka zotsekemera, zowawa, zowawa, zimasonyezedwa mumayendedwe ofanana ndi omwe timawonetserako zokometsera zofanana: , kuyimira fanizo ndi maonekedwe a kukoma kofanana. Maonekedwe a nkhope ofananawo amawonedwa posonyeza kunyansidwa ndi kukhutira. Kuwonetsa kunyansidwa ndiko kuyenda koyambirira kwa kuphulika kwa kusanza; kusonyeza kukhutira kumafanana ndi kumwetulira kwa munthu woyamwa chokoma kapena kulawa chinachake ndi milomo yake. Chizoloŵezi cha chizolowezi chokana pakati pathu, kutembenuka kwa mutu kuchokera mbali ndi mbali pafupi ndi axis yake, ndizotsalira za kayendetsedwe kameneka kamene kamakhala kopangidwa ndi ana kuti ateteze chinachake chosasangalatsa kulowa mkamwa mwawo, ndipo chikhoza kuwonedwa nthawi zonse. mu nazale. Zimabwera mwa ife pomwe ngakhale lingaliro losavuta la china chake choyipa ndi cholimbikitsa. Momwemonso, kugwedeza mutu motsimikiza kumafanana ndi kuwerama mutu kuti udye. Mu akazi, kufanana pakati pa kayendedwe, ndithu ndithu poyamba kugwirizana ndi kununkhiza ndi mawu a makhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe kunyoza ndi kudana ndi zoonekeratu kuti sikutanthauza kufotokoza. Modabwa ndi mantha, timaphethira, ngakhale palibe chowopsa m'maso mwathu; kupeŵa maso kwa kamphindi kungakhale ngati chizindikiro chodalirika kuti kupereka kwathu sikunali kukoma kwa munthu uyu ndipo tikuyembekezeredwa kukanidwa. Zitsanzo izi zidzakwanira kusonyeza kuti mayendedwe otere amawonekera mwa fanizo. Koma ngati zina mwazomwe timakhudzidwa nazo zitha kufotokozedwa mothandizidwa ndi mfundo ziwiri zomwe taziwonetsa (ndipo wowerengayo mwina anali ndi mwayi wowona momwe kufotokozera kwa milandu yambiri kuli kovuta komanso kopanga), ndiye kuti akadali ambiri. machitidwe amalingaliro omwe sangafotokozedwe nkomwe ndipo tiyenera kuwaona ife pakali pano monga momwe zimakhalira ndi zokopa zakunja. Izi zikuphatikizapo: zochitika zachilendo zomwe zimachitika mu viscera ndi zotupa zamkati, kuuma kwa mkamwa, kutsegula m'mimba ndi kusanza ndi mantha aakulu, kutuluka kwa mkodzo pamene magazi akusangalala ndi kuphulika kwa chikhodzodzo ndi mantha, kuyasamula pamene akudikirira, kumverera kwa « chotupa pakhosi» ndi chisoni chachikulu, zokowera pakhosi ndi kuwonjezeka kumeza mu zinthu zovuta, «mtima» mantha, ozizira ndi otentha m'deralo ndi ambiri thukuta pakhungu, redness a khungu, komanso zizindikiro zina; zomwe, ngakhale zilipo, mwina sizinasiyanitsidwebe bwino pakati pa ena ndipo sanalandirebe dzina lapadera. Malingana ndi Spencer ndi Mantegazza, kunjenjemera komwe kumawonedwa osati ndi mantha okha, komanso ndi zokondweretsa zina zambiri, ndizochitika zokhazokha za pathological. Izi ndi zizindikiro zina zamphamvu za mantha - ndizowopsa kwa omwe akukumana nazo. Mu chamoyo chovuta kwambiri monga dongosolo lamanjenje, payenera kukhala zochitika zambiri mwangozi; machitidwewa sakanatha kukula kwathunthu paokha chifukwa cha zofunikira zomwe angapereke kwa chamoyo.