Moyo wathu sungathe kuganiziridwa popanda kuunikira kochita kupanga. Kwa moyo ndi ntchito, anthu amangofunikira kuyatsa pogwiritsa ntchito nyali. M'mbuyomu, mababu wamba a incandescent amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa izi.
Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito nyali za incandescent zimachokera ku kutembenuka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimadutsa mu filament kukhala kuwala. Mu nyali za incandescent, tungsten filament imatenthedwa kuti ikhale yowala chifukwa cha mphamvu yamagetsi. Kutentha kwa filament yotentha kumafika madigiri 2600-3000 C. Mabotolo a nyali za incandescent amachotsedwa kapena kudzazidwa ndi mpweya wa inert, momwe tungsten filament si oxidized: nitrogen; argon; kryptoni; kusakaniza kwa nayitrogeni, argon, xenon. Nyali za incandescent zimatentha kwambiri panthawi yogwira ntchito.
Chaka chilichonse, zosowa za anthu za magetsi zikuwonjezeka kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kusanthula kwa chiyembekezo cha chitukuko cha umisiri wowunikira, akatswiriwo adazindikira kuti m'malo mwa nyali zachikale za incandescent ndi nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu monga njira yopita patsogolo kwambiri. Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha izi ndipamwamba kwambiri kwa mbadwo waposachedwa wa nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu pa nyali "zotentha".
Nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu zimatchedwa nyali za fulorosenti, zomwe zimaphatikizidwa m'gulu lalikulu la magetsi otulutsa mpweya. Nyali zotulutsa, mosiyana ndi nyali za incandescent, zimatulutsa kuwala chifukwa cha kutulutsa kwamagetsi kumadutsa mpweya umene umadzaza malo a nyali: kuwala kwa ultraviolet kwa mpweya wotuluka kumasinthidwa kukhala kuwala kowonekera kwa ife.
Nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu zimakhala ndi botolo lodzaza ndi mercury nthunzi ndi argon, ndi ballast (woyambira). Chinthu chapadera chotchedwa phosphor chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa botolo. Pansi pa mphamvu yamagetsi apamwamba mu nyali, kuyenda kwa ma electron kumachitika. Kugunda kwa ma electron ndi ma atomu a mercury kumapanga kuwala kwa ultraviolet kosaoneka, komwe, kudutsa phosphor, kumasandulika kukhala kuwala kowonekera.
Пubwino wa nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu
Ubwino waukulu wa nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu ndizowala kwambiri, zomwe ndizokwera kangapo kuposa nyali za incandescent. Chigawo chopulumutsa mphamvu chagona ndendende kuti kuchuluka kwa magetsi omwe amaperekedwa ku nyali yopulumutsa mphamvu kumasanduka kuwala, pomwe mu nyali za incandescent mpaka 90% yamagetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwotcha waya wa tungsten.
Ubwino wina wosakayikitsa wa nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu ndi moyo wawo wautumiki, womwe umatsimikiziridwa ndi nthawi kuchokera pa 6 mpaka 15 maola oyaka mosalekeza. Chiwerengerochi chimaposa moyo wautumiki wa nyali wamba za incandescent pafupifupi nthawi 20. Chifukwa chofala kwambiri cha kulephera kwa mababu a incandescent ndi ulusi wowotchedwa. Njira ya nyali yopulumutsa mphamvu imapewa vutoli, kuti akhale ndi moyo wautali wautumiki.
Ubwino wachitatu wa nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu ndikutha kusankha mtundu wa kuwala. Zitha kukhala zamitundu itatu: masana, zachilengedwe komanso kutentha. Kutsika kwa kutentha kwa mtundu, kuyandikira kwa mtundu kumakhala kofiira; kumtunda, kuyandikira kwa buluu.
Ubwino wina wa nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu ndi kutulutsa kwawo kochepa, komwe kumalola kugwiritsa ntchito nyali zophatikizika kwambiri za fulorosenti mu nyali zosalimba za khoma, nyali ndi ma chandeliers. Sizingatheke kugwiritsa ntchito nyali za incandescent zomwe zimakhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu mkati mwake, chifukwa mbali ya pulasitiki ya cartridge kapena waya imatha kusungunuka.
Ubwino wotsatira wa nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu ndikuti kuwala kwawo kumagawidwa mofewa, mofanana kwambiri kuposa nyali za incandescent. Izi zili choncho chifukwa mu nyali ya incandescent, kuwala kumachokera ku tungsten filament, pamene nyali yopulumutsa mphamvu imayang'ana malo ake onse. Chifukwa cha kugawanika kwa kuwala, nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu zimachepetsa kutopa kwa diso la munthu.
Kuipa kwa nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu
Nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu zilinso ndi zovuta: gawo lawo lotentha limatha mpaka mphindi 2, ndiye kuti, amafunikira nthawi kuti apange kuwala kwawo kwakukulu. Komanso, nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu zimayaka.
Choyipa china cha nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu ndikuti munthu sangakhale pafupi ndi 30 centimita kutali ndi iwo. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa cheza cha ultraviolet cha nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu, zikayikidwa pafupi ndi iwo, anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi chochuluka pakhungu ndi omwe ali ndi matenda a dermatological akhoza kuvulazidwa. Komabe, ngati munthu ali kutali ndi nyali zosaposa 30 centimita, palibe vuto lililonse kwa iye. Sitikulimbikitsidwanso kugwiritsa ntchito nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu ndi mphamvu zoposa 22 watts m'nyumba zogona, chifukwa. izi zingakhudzenso anthu omwe khungu lawo ndi lovuta kwambiri.
Choyipa china ndichakuti nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu sizimasinthidwa kuti zizigwira ntchito m'malo otsika (-15-20ºC), ndipo pakutentha kwambiri, mphamvu ya kuwala kwawo imachepa. Moyo wautumiki wa nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu zimadalira kwambiri momwe amagwirira ntchito, makamaka, sakonda kuyatsa ndi kuzimitsa pafupipafupi. Mapangidwe a nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu salola kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mu zounikira pomwe pali zowongolera zowunikira. Magetsi a mains akatsika ndi 10%, nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu siziyatsa.
Zoyipa zake ndizomwe zili mu mercury ndi phosphorous, zomwe, ngakhale ndizochepa kwambiri, zimapezeka mkati mwa nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu. Izi sizofunikira pamene nyali ikugwira ntchito, koma zingakhale zoopsa ngati itathyoka. Pazifukwa zomwezo, nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu zitha kugawidwa ngati zowononga chilengedwe, chifukwa chake zimafunikira kutayidwa mwapadera (sizingathe kuponyedwa mu chute ya zinyalala ndi zinyalala zam'misewu).
Kuipa kwina kwa nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu poyerekeza ndi nyali zachikhalidwe za incandescent ndi mtengo wawo wapamwamba.
Njira zopulumutsira mphamvu za European Union
Mu Disembala 2005, EU idapereka chilangizo chokakamiza mayiko onse omwe ali mamembala ake kuti akhazikitse mapulani achitetezo amtundu wamagetsi (EEAPs - Energie-Effizienz-Actions-Plane). Malingana ndi EEAPs, m'zaka zotsatira za 9 (kuchokera ku 2008 mpaka 2017), mayiko onse a 27 EU ayenera kukwaniritsa osachepera 1% pachaka mu ndalama zosungira magetsi m'magulu onse omwe amagwiritsira ntchito.
Malinga ndi malangizo a European Commission, ndondomeko yoyendetsera ma EEAPs idapangidwa ndi Wuppertal Institute (Germany). Kuyambira 2011, mayiko onse a EU akuyenera kutsatira izi. Kupanga ndi kuyang'anira kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapulani opititsa patsogolo mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zopangira magetsi zimaperekedwa ku gulu lopangidwa mwapadera - ROMS (Roll Out Member States). Idapangidwa koyambirira kwa 2007 ndi European Union of Lighting Manufacturers and Components (CELMA) ndi European Union of Light Source Manufacturers (ELC). Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa akatswiri ochokera m'mabungwewa, mayiko onse a 27 a EU, kupyolera mu kukhazikitsidwa kwa zida zowunikira mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu ndi machitidwe, ali ndi mwayi weniweni wochepetsera mpweya wa CO2 ndi pafupifupi matani 40 miliyoni / chaka, zomwe: 20 matani miliyoni / chaka cha CO2 - m'magulu apadera; 8,0 miliyoni matani / chaka cha CO2 - m'nyumba za anthu pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana komanso mu gawo lautumiki; Matani 8,0 miliyoni / chaka cha CO2 - m'nyumba zamafakitale ndi mafakitale ang'onoang'ono; Matani 3,5 miliyoni/chaka cha CO2 - m'malo owunikira panja m'mizinda. TS EN 12464-1 Kuunikira kwa malo ogwira ntchito m'nyumba; TS EN 12464-2 Kuunikira kwa malo antchito akunja TS EN 15193-1 Kuwunika kwamphamvu kwanyumba - Zofunikira pamagetsi pakuwunikira - kuwunika kuchuluka kwa mphamvu pakuwunikira
Mogwirizana ndi Ndime 12 ya ESD Directive (Energy Services Directive), European Commission inapereka ku European Committee for Standardization in Electrical Engineering (CENELEC) udindo wokhazikitsa mfundo zowonongera mphamvu. Miyezo iyi iyenera kupereka njira zofananira zowerengera mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zanyumba zonse pamodzi ndi zinthu zapayekha, kukhazikitsa ndi makina muzophatikiza zaukadaulo.
Energy Action Plan yoperekedwa ndi European Commission mu Okutobala 2006 idakhazikitsa miyezo yolimba yamphamvu yamagulu 14 azinthu. Mndandanda wazinthuzi unawonjezeka kufika pa malo a 20 kumayambiriro kwa 2007. Zida zowunikira zogwiritsira ntchito mumsewu, ofesi ndi zapakhomo zinagawidwa ngati katundu wolamulidwa mwapadera kuti apulumutse mphamvu.
Mu June 2007, opanga zounikira ku Europe adatulutsa zambiri zokhudzana ndi kutha kwa mababu osagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri kuti agwiritse ntchito m'nyumba komanso kusiyiratu msika waku Europe pofika chaka cha 2015. Malinga ndi kuwerengetsa, izi zipangitsa kuti mpweya wa CO60 uchepe ndi 2%. (ndi 23 megatons pachaka) kuchokera ku kuyatsa kwapakhomo, kupulumutsa pafupifupi ma euro 7 biliyoni kapena ma gigawati 63 a magetsi pachaka.
Andris Piebalgs, Commissioner for Energy Affairs ku EU, adawonetsa kukhutitsidwa ndi zomwe opanga zida zowunikira magetsi. Mu Disembala 2008, European Commission idaganiza zochotsa mababu a incandescent. Malinga ndi lingaliro lomwe lakhazikitsidwa, magwero owunikira omwe amawononga magetsi ambiri adzasinthidwa ndi zopulumutsa mphamvu pang'onopang'ono:
Seputembara 2009 - nyali zowala komanso zowoneka bwino zopitilira 100 W ndizoletsedwa;
Seputembala 2010 - nyali zowoneka bwino za 75 W siziloledwa;
Seputembala 2011 - nyali zowoneka bwino zopitilira 60 W ndizoletsedwa;
Seputembala 2012 - kuletsa nyali zowoneka bwino za 40 ndi 25 W zimayambitsidwa;
Seputembara 2013 - zofunikira zolimba za nyali zophatikizika za fulorosenti ndi nyali za LED zimayambitsidwa;
September 2016 - zofunikira zolimba za nyali za halogen zimayambitsidwa.
Malinga ndi akatswiri, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mababu opulumutsa mphamvu, kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi m'mayiko a ku Ulaya kudzachepa ndi 3-4%. Nduna ya Zamagetsi ku France a Jean-Louis Borlo akuti zitha kupulumutsa mphamvu pa maola 40 a terawatt pachaka. Pafupifupi ndalama zomwezo zidzabwera kuchokera ku lingaliro lomwe bungwe la European Commission lidachita kale lochotsa nyali zachikhalidwe m'maofesi, m'mafakitale komanso m'misewu.
Njira zopulumutsira mphamvu ku Russia
Mu 1996, Lamulo la "On Energy Saving" linakhazikitsidwa ku Russia, lomwe, pazifukwa zingapo, silinagwire ntchito. Mu November 2008, State Duma inatengera powerenga koyamba lamulo la "On Energy Saving and Acreasing Energy Efficiency", lomwe limapereka kukhazikitsidwa kwa miyezo ya mphamvu zamagetsi pazida zomwe zili ndi mphamvu zoposa 3 kW.
Cholinga chodziwitsa zomwe zaperekedwa ndi lamulo lokonzekera ndikuwonjezera mphamvu zamagetsi ndikulimbikitsa kupulumutsa mphamvu ku Russian Federation. Malinga ndi lamuloli, malamulo oyendetsera boma pankhani yosunga mphamvu ndi mphamvu zamagetsi amapangidwa pokhazikitsa: mndandanda wazizindikiro zowunika momwe ntchito za akuluakulu aboma amagwirira ntchito m'mabungwe omwe ali mu Russian Federation ndi maboma am'deralo. gawo la kupulumutsa mphamvu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu; zofunikira pakupanga ndi kufalikira kwa zida zamagetsi; zoletsa (kuletsa) m'munda wa kupanga pofuna kugulitsa m'gawo la Russian Federation ndi kufalitsidwa mu Russian Federation ya zida zamagetsi zomwe zimalola kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zopanda mphamvu; zofunikira pakuwerengera pakupanga, kutumiza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi; zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zomanga, zomanga ndi zomanga; zofunikira pazomwe zili ndi nthawi ya njira zopulumutsira mphamvu m'nyumba, kuphatikizapo nzika - eni nyumba m'nyumba zogona; zofunikira pakufalitsa kovomerezeka kwa zidziwitso pazachitetezo champhamvu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu; zofunikira pakukhazikitsa zidziwitso ndi mapulogalamu amaphunziro pankhani yosunga mphamvu ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.
Pa July 2, 2009, Purezidenti wa Russia Dmitry Medvedev, akuyankhula pamsonkhano wa Presidium of the State Council pa kuwongolera mphamvu zamagetsi pazachuma cha Russia, sananene kuti ku Russia, pofuna kuwonjezera mphamvu zamagetsi, kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ku Russia. kayendetsedwe ka nyali za incandescent zikadayambitsidwa.
Nayenso, Minister of Economic Development Elvira Nabiullina, kutsatira msonkhano wa Presidium wa State Council of the Russian Federation, analengeza kuti kuletsa kupanga ndi kufalitsidwa kwa nyali incandescent ndi mphamvu zoposa 100 W akhoza anayambitsa kuyambira January. 1, 2011. Malingana ndi Nabiullina, miyeso yofananayo ikuganiziridwa ndi lamulo lokonzekera mphamvu zamagetsi, zomwe zikukonzekera kuwerengedwa kwachiwiri.