Zala (kuchokera ku Latin digitus) zimapanga malekezero ofotokozedwa omwe ali mu kutambasula kwa manja.

malo. Zala zili molingana ndi manja, kumtunda ndi kumapeto kwa kanjedza. Pali zala zisanu (1):

• Chala choyamba, chomwe chimatchedwa chala chachikulu kapena pollux, ndicho chala chokhacho chomwe chili mbali yozungulira kwambiri ya dzanja. Udindo wake umapatsa kusuntha kwakukulu komanso kugwira ntchito moyenera.
• Chala chachiwiri, chotchedwa index chala, chili pakati pa chala chachikulu ndi chapakati.
• Chala chachitatu, chotchedwa chala chapakati kapena chapakati, chili pakati pa zolozera ndi zala za mphete. Ndilo gwero la mayendedwe apambali.
• Chala chachinayi, chotchedwa chala cha mphete, chili pakati pa chala chapakati ndi chala chaching’ono.
• Chala chachisanu, chotchedwa chala chaching'ono cha dzanja kapena chala chaching'ono, chili mu kufalikira kwa m'mphepete mwa dzanja.

Mafupa a zala. Mafupa a chala amapangidwa ndi phalanges. Kupatula chala chachikulu chomwe chili ndi phalanges ziwiri zokha, chala chilichonse chimapangidwa ndi phalanges atatu (1), ofotokozedwa pakati pawo:

• Ma phalanges a proximal amalumikizana ndi metacarpals, mafupa a kanjedza, ndipo amapanga mafupa a metacarpophalangeal.
• Ma phalanges apakati amalumikizana ndi proximal ndi distal phalanges kuti apange interphalangeal joints.
• Ma distal phalanges amafanana ndi nsonga za zala.

Mapangidwe a zala. Kuzungulira mafupawo, zala zimapangidwa (2) (3):

• kukhazikika kwa mitsempha ya metacarpophalangeal ndi interphalangeal;
• mbale za palmar, zomwe zili pamtunda wa palmar wa mafupa;
• flexor ndi extensor tendons za zala, zochokera ku zigawo zosiyanasiyana za minofu ya dzanja;
• khungu ;
• zikhadabo zili kumapeto kwa chala chilichonse.

Kusakhazikika komanso kupatsa mphamvu. Zala zimasungidwa ndi mitsempha ya digito, nthambi zomwe zimachokera ku mitsempha yapakati, komanso mitsempha ya ulnar (2). Amaperekedwa ndi mitsempha ya digito ndi mitsempha (3).

Udindo wa chidziwitso. Zala zake ndi zamphamvu kwambiri, zomwe zimalola kuti zambiri zakunja zisonkhanitsidwe kudzera mu kukhudza ndi kukhudza (3).

Ntchito yophatikizika. Zala zimalola kugwira, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ntchito zonse zomwe zimalola kugwira (3).

Maudindo ena a zala. Zala zimagwiranso ntchito kwambiri polankhula, kudya zakudya zopatsa thanzi, kapenanso kukongoletsa bwino (3).

Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo ovuta komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosatha, zala zimatha kukhudzidwa ndi ma pathologies ambiri omwe zifukwa zawo zimakhala zosiyanasiyana.

Matenda a mafupa.

• Kuphulika kwa phalanges. Ma phalanges amatha kukhudzidwa ndi kusweka. Ma fractures owonjezera ayenera kusiyanitsidwa ndi fractures yophatikizika ndi mgwirizano ndipo amafuna kuunika mozama kwa zilondazo. Mafupa osweka a zala amachititsa kuuma komwe kumakhudza kuyenda kwa zala (4).
• Osteoporosis: Matendawa amatha kukhudza phalanges ndipo ndi kuchepa kwa mafupa omwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka mwa anthu azaka zapakati pa 60. Amagogomezera kufooka kwa mafupa ndikulimbikitsa mabilu (5).

Mitsempha pathologies. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamanjenje imatha kukhudza zala. Mwachitsanzo, matenda a carpal tunnel amatanthauza kusokonezeka kwa mitsempha yapakatikati pamlingo wa ngalande ya carpal, makamaka pamlingo wa dzanja. Zimawonekera ngati kugwedeza kwa zala ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya minofu, makamaka m'manja (6).

Matenda a minofu ndi tendon. Zala zimatha kukhudzidwa ndi matenda a musculoskeletal, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi matenda a ntchito ndipo amayamba panthawi yopempha mopitirira muyeso, mobwerezabwereza kapena mwankhanza.

Ma pathologies ogwirizana. Zala zimatha kukhala malo olumikizirana mafupa, makamaka nyamakazi yophatikiza zowawa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mafupa, mitsempha, tendons kapena mafupa. Osteoarthritis ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri wa nyamakazi ndipo umadziwika ndi kung'ambika ndi kung'ambika kwa cartilage kuteteza mafupa m'malo olumikizirana mafupa. Mafupa a kanjedza amathanso kukhudzidwa ndi kutupa kwa nyamakazi ya nyamakazi (7). Zinthu izi zingayambitse kupunduka kwa zala.

Kupewa kugwedezeka ndi kupweteka m'manja mwa dzanja. Kuchepetsa mafupa ndi mafupa a mafupa, kupewa povala chitetezo kapena kuphunzira manja oyenera ndikofunikira.

Symptomatic mankhwala. Pofuna kuchepetsa kukhumudwa, makamaka pankhani ya matenda a carpal tunnel, mutuwu ukhoza kuvala chovala usiku.

Chithandizo cha mafupa. Kutengera mtundu wa fracture, pulasitala kapena utomoni akhoza kuikidwa kuti immobilize zala.

Mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kutengera ndi matenda omwe apezeka, mankhwala ena amatha kuperekedwa kuti aziwongolera kapena kulimbitsa minofu ya mafupa, kapena kulola kuti minyewa iwonongeke.

Chithandizo cha opaleshoni. Kutengera matenda omwe apezeka, opaleshoni imatha kuchitika, makamaka nthawi zina zosweka.

Kufufuza mwakuthupi. Choyamba, kafukufuku wachipatala amachitidwa kuti ayang'ane ndikuwunika zizindikiro zamaganizo ndi zamagalimoto zomwe wodwalayo amaziwona pa zala.

Kuyesa kuyerekezera kwachipatala. Kuwunika kwachipatala nthawi zambiri kumathandizidwa ndi x-ray. Nthawi zina, madokotala amagwiritsa ntchito MRI, kapena CT scan, kuti awone ndi kuzindikira zotupa. Scintigraphy kapena ngakhale fupa densitometry angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kuyesa mafupa pathologies.

Kufufuza kwa Electrophysiological. Electromyogram imapangitsa kuti zitheke kuphunzira momwe magetsi amagwirira ntchito m'mitsempha ndikuzindikira zilonda zomwe zingachitike.

Chizindikiro cha zala. Zizindikiro zambiri zilipo kuzungulira zala. Mwachitsanzo, chala chachinayi chimatchedwa “chala cha mphete” chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito chala chimenechi kuvala mphete yaukwati m’zipembedzo zina.