32,6% - mafuta ndi mafuta. 30,0% - malasha. 23,7% - gasi. Atatu apamwamba pakati pa magwero amphamvu omwe amapereka anthu amawoneka chimodzimodzi. Nyenyezi ndi mapulaneti "obiriwira" akadali kutali ngati "galaxy kutali, kutali".
Pali kusuntha kopita ku mphamvu zina, koma ndi pang'onopang'ono kotero kuti tikuyembekeza kupambana - osati pano. Tiyeni tinene zoona: kwa zaka 50 zikubwerazi, mafuta oyaka moto adzayatsa nyumba zathu.
Kupanga mphamvu zina kukuyenda pang'onopang'ono, ngati njonda ya prim m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Thames. Masiku ano, zalembedwa zambiri zokhuza mphamvu zomwe si zachikhalidwe kuposa zomwe zachitika pakukula kwawo ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwawo m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Koma kumbali iyi pali 3 "mastodon" odziwika omwe amakoka magaleta ena kumbuyo kwawo.
Mphamvu za nyukiliya sizikuganiziridwa pano, chifukwa funso la kupita patsogolo kwake ndi kuyenerera kwa chitukuko likhoza kukambidwa kwa nthawi yaitali.
Pansipa padzakhala zizindikiro za mphamvu zamasiteshoni, choncho, kuti tifufuze zikhalidwe, tidzafotokozera poyambira: magetsi amphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nyukiliya (Japan). Zomwe zili ndi mphamvu ya 8,2 GW.
Mphamvu ya mpweya: mphepo potumikira munthu
Mfundo yaikulu ya mphamvu ya mphepo ndi kutembenuka kwa mphamvu ya kinetic yosuntha mpweya wochuluka kukhala mphamvu yotentha, yamakina kapena magetsi.
Mphepo ndi zotsatira za kusiyana kwa kuthamanga kwa mpweya pamtunda. Apa mfundo yachikale ya "zotengera zolumikizirana" ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, padziko lonse lapansi. Tangoganizani mfundo za 2 - Moscow ndi St. Petersburg. Ngati kutentha ku Moscow kuli kwakukulu, ndiye kuti mpweya umatentha ndikukwera, ndikusiya kupanikizika kochepa komanso mpweya wochepa m'munsimu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ku St. Petersburg kuli kupanikizika kwakukulu ndipo pali mpweya wokwanira "kuchokera pansi". Chifukwa chake, anthu ambiri amayamba kuyenda molunjika ku Moscow, chifukwa chilengedwe chimayesetsa kukhazikika. Umu ndi momwe mpweya umapangidwira, womwe umatchedwa mphepo.
Kusunthaku kumanyamula mphamvu yayikulu, yomwe mainjiniya amafuna kuigwira.
Masiku ano, 3% ya mphamvu zopangira mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi zimachokera ku makina opangira mphepo, ndipo mphamvu ikukula. Mu 2016, mphamvu yomwe idayikidwapo yamafamu amphepo idaposa mphamvu zamafakitale opangira magetsi a nyukiliya. Koma pali zinthu ziwiri zomwe zimachepetsa kukula kwa njira:
1. Mphamvu yoyikidwa ndiyo mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito kwambiri. Ndipo ngati mafakitale opangira magetsi a nyukiliya amagwira ntchito motere pafupifupi nthawi zonse, minda yamphepo safika paziwonetsero zotere. Kuchita bwino kwa malo otere ndi 30-40%. Mphepo ndi yosakhazikika kwambiri, zomwe zimalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito pamakampani.
2. Kuyika kwa minda yamphepo kumakhala koyenera m'malo omwe mphepo imayenda nthawi zonse - motere ndizotheka kuonetsetsa kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwapamwamba kwambiri. Kuyika kwa ma jenereta kumakhala kochepa kwambiri.
Mphamvu zamphepo masiku ano zitha kuonedwa ngati gwero lowonjezera la mphamvu limodzi ndi mphamvu zokhazikika, monga malo opangira magetsi a nyukiliya ndi masiteshoni omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta oyaka.
Windmills anawonekera koyamba ku Denmark - adabweretsedwa kuno ndi a Crusaders. Masiku ano, m'dziko lino la Scandinavia, 42% ya mphamvu imapangidwa ndi minda yamphepo.
Ntchito yomanga chilumba chopanga 100 km kuchokera kugombe la Great Britain yatsala pang'ono kutha. Ntchito yatsopano idzapangidwa ku Dogger Bank - kwa 6 km2 ma turbines ambiri adzaikidwa omwe azitumiza magetsi kumtunda. Idzakhala famu yamphepo yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Masiku ano, iyi ndi Gansu (China) yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 5,16 GW. Ichi ndi chovuta cha makina opangira mphepo, omwe amakula chaka chilichonse. Chizindikiro chokonzekera ndi 20 GW.
Ndipo pang'ono za mtengo wake.
Zizindikiro za mtengo wapakati pa 1 kWh yamphamvu ndi izi:
─ malasha 9-30 masenti;
─ mphepo 2,5-5 masenti.
Ngati n'kotheka kuthetsa vutoli ndi kudalira mphamvu ya mphepo ndipo motero kuwonjezera mphamvu ya minda yamphepo, ndiye kuti ali ndi mwayi waukulu.
Mphamvu ya dzuwa: injini yachilengedwe - injini yaumunthu
Mfundo ya kupanga imachokera pa kusonkhanitsa ndi kugawa kutentha kuchokera ku kuwala kwa dzuwa.
Tsopano gawo la magetsi a dzuwa (SPP) padziko lonse lapansi kupanga mphamvu ndi 0,79%.
Mphamvu iyi, choyamba, imagwirizanitsidwa ndi mphamvu zina - minda yosangalatsa yophimbidwa ndi mbale zazikulu zokhala ndi photocells zimakokedwa mwamsanga pamaso panu. Pochita, phindu la njira iyi ndilotsika kwambiri. Pakati pa mavuto, munthu akhoza kutchula kuphwanya ulamuliro wa kutentha pamwamba pa magetsi a dzuwa, kumene mpweya umatenthedwa.
Pali mapulogalamu opititsa patsogolo mphamvu ya dzuwa m'mayiko oposa 80. Koma nthawi zambiri tikukamba za gwero lothandizira la mphamvu, chifukwa mlingo wa kupanga ndi wotsika.
Ndikofunika kuyika bwino mphamvu, zomwe mapu atsatanetsatane a dzuwa amapangidwa.
Chotengera cha solar chimagwiritsidwa ntchito potenthetsa madzi pakuwotcha komanso kupanga magetsi. Maselo a Photovoltaic amapanga mphamvu mwa "kugogoda" mafotoni mothandizidwa ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa.
Mtsogoleri pakupanga mphamvu pamagetsi a dzuwa ndi China, komanso m'badwo wa anthu - Germany.
Chomera chachikulu kwambiri chopangira magetsi adzuwa chili pa famu ya solar ya Topaz, yomwe ili ku California. Mphamvu 1,1 GW.
Pali zochitika zoyika osonkhanitsa mu orbit ndikusonkhanitsa mphamvu za dzuwa osataya mumlengalenga, koma mbali iyi ikadali ndi zopinga zambiri zaukadaulo.
Mphamvu yamadzi: kugwiritsa ntchito injini yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi
Hydropower ndi mtsogoleri pakati pa njira zina zamagetsi. 20% ya mphamvu zomwe zimapangidwa padziko lonse lapansi zimachokera ku hydropower. Ndipo pakati pa zongowonjezwdwa magwero 88%.
Damu lalikulu likumangidwa pachigawo china cha mtsinje, chomwe chimatsekereza mtsinjewo. Malo osungiramo madzi amapangidwa kumtunda, ndipo kusiyana kwa kutalika m'mbali mwa damu kumatha kufika mazana a mita. Madzi amadutsa mwachangu padamu m'malo omwe ma turbine amayikidwa. Chifukwa chake mphamvu yamadzi oyenda imazungulira ma jenereta ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu. Zonse ndi zophweka.
Mwa minuses: dera lalikulu lasefukira, biolife mumtsinje imasokonezeka.
Malo opangira magetsi amadzi akulu kwambiri ndi Sanxia ("Makomo Atatu") ku China. Ili ndi mphamvu ya 22 GW, kukhala chomera chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Mafakitale opangira magetsi amadzi ndi ofala padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ku Brazil amapereka mphamvu 80%. Njira iyi ndiyomwe imapangitsa mphamvu zina zowonjezera ndipo ikukula mosalekeza.
Mitsinje ing'onoing'ono singathe kupanga mphamvu zazikulu, choncho malo opangira magetsi opangira madzi pamitsinjeyo amapangidwa kuti akwaniritse zosowa za m'deralo.
Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ngati gwero la mphamvu kumayendetsedwa m'malingaliro akulu angapo:
1. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafunde. Ukadaulowu ndi wofanana m'njira zambiri ndi malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi apamadzi, kusiyana kokhako ndikuti damulo silimatsekereza njira, koma kukamwa kwa bay. Madzi a m'nyanja amapanga kusinthasintha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa cha kukopa kwa mwezi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi aziyenda kudzera muzitsulo za damu. Ukadaulo uwu wangogwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko ochepa.
2. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamafunde. Kusinthasintha kosalekeza kwa madzi panyanja yotseguka kungakhalenso gwero lamphamvu. Uku sikungodutsa kwa mafunde kudzera mu makina opangidwa ndi statically, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito "zoyandama": koma pamwamba pa nyanja imayika mndandanda wa zoyandama zapadera, mkati mwake muli makina ang'onoang'ono. Mafunde amazungulira ma jenereta ndipo kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kumapangidwa.
Nthawi zambiri, masiku ano mphamvu zina sizingathe kukhala gwero lamphamvu padziko lonse lapansi. Koma ndizotheka kupereka zinthu zambiri ndi mphamvu yodziyimira payokha. Kutengera ndi mawonekedwe a gawolo, mutha kusankha njira yabwino nthawi zonse.
Kuti pakhale ufulu wodziyimira pawokha wa mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi, padzafunika china chatsopano, monga "nthanthi ya ether" ya Mserbia wotchuka.
Popanda demagogy, ndizodabwitsa kuti m'zaka za m'ma 2000, umunthu umatulutsa mphamvu osati pang'onopang'ono kuposa locomotive yomwe abale a Lumiere anajambula. Masiku ano, nkhani ya mphamvu zamagetsi yapita kutali ndi ndale ndi zachuma, zomwe zimatsimikizira kapangidwe ka magetsi. Ngati mafuta amayatsa nyali, ndiye kuti wina amafunikira ...