Masewera ndi ma cell obereka otchedwa umuna mwa amuna ndi dzira mwa akazi. Amapezeka m'matenda ogonana, omwe amatchedwanso ma gonads. Ma gonads mwa amuna ndiwo machende ndipo mwa akazi ndi thumba losunga mazira. Timalankhula za "gamete", dzina lamwamuna.

Mawu oti "gamete" adapangidwa kuchokera m'maina achi Greek, "γαμ? Της ”, ma gamet ndi" μαμ? " Τις ”, ma gamet, omwe amatanthauza mwamuna ndi mkazi motsatana.

Masewera a m'manja ndi maselo a haploid, ndiye kuti, ali ndi ma chromosomes athunthu, pamtundu umodzi.

Mwa akazi

Masewera achikazi, otchedwa ova, amapangidwa ndi thumba losunga mazira. Tili ndi awiri, m'modzi kumanzere ndi m'modzi kumanja. Thumba losunga mazira limapanga dzira limodzi pamwezi. Dzira ili liri ndi phata lozunguliridwa ndi cytoplasm, lomangidwa ndi nembanemba. Dzira ndiye gawo.

Maselo oberekera awa, okhala ndi kukula kwa 0,1 mm m'mimba mwake, ndi haploid. Ali ndi kope limodzi lokha la chromosome iliyonse, motsatana ndi khungu la diploid, lomwe lili ndi ma homolog awiri a chromosome iliyonse. Amakhala ndi ma chromosomes 22 autosome + 1 chromosome yogonana). Masewera achikazi amapangidwa nthawi ya oogenesis, nthawi yamchiberekero, nthawi yapakati pa msambo.

Asanakule msinkhu, mkazi amakhala ndi zomwe zimatchedwa ma follicles ovarian. Ndi gulu lathunthu lamasamba ozungulira m'mimba mwake, mumakhala chomwe chimatchedwa oocyte, (dzira losasinthika) lomwe limatulutsidwa nthawi yopuma.

Pokhapokha pakutha msinkhu pomwe ma follicles amakula msinkhu wofunikira kuti awonongeke, kenako amakula kukula. Thumba losunga mazira limagwira ntchito nthawi zonse ndipo limatulutsa dzira.

Chifukwa chake, mwezi uliwonse, thumba losunga mazira limakhwima, mu ovary imodzi, musanatulutse dzira lake: kenako timayankhula za ovulation. Chodabwitsachi, chomwe chimabwerezedwa mwezi uliwonse, pomwe palibe umuna, chimakhala chozungulira, monganso kusamba.

Dzira silimayenda ndipo ndimasewera a feteleza. Ngati sipanakhalepo umuna, dzira lotulutsidwa ndi ovary limayamwa kudzera mu msomali wa chiboliboli ndipo limakokedwa mopanda kanthu. Imadutsa pachiberekero kenako imachotsedwa ndi maliseche.

Munthawi ya moyo wake, mayi amatulutsa mazira ochepa, pafupifupi 400. Kupanga mazira, komanso nyengo zimatha zaka pafupifupi 50, izi zimatchedwa kuti kusamba.

Mwa anthu

Ma gametes achimuna mwanjira ina spermatozoa ndi ma cell osuntha omwe ndiochulukirapo kuposa 60 micrometer (0.06 mm), pomwe ma micrometers asanu okha ndi amutu.

Umunawu, womwe umapangidwa ngati chulu, umapangidwa ndi magawo atatu: mutu, gawo lapakati ndi mchira. Mutu woboola pakati umakhala ndi phata lomwe palokha limakhala ndi ma chromosomes. Ndi ma chromosomes 23 omwe amatchedwa ma autosomes + 1 chromosome ofotokoza za kugonana, ndiko kunena komwe kumatsimikizira kugonana kwa munthu, wamwamuna kapena wamkazi.

Chidutswa chapakati chimakhala ndi mitochondria ndi michere yomwe imalola umuna kuyenda. Potsirizira pake, umunawo umakhala ndi mchira wautali, wotchedwa flagellum, womwe umalola kuti udziyendere wokha kudzera mu njira yayitali ya chiberekero cha mayi kuti ufike ku ovary ndikumuphatikiza.

Mwa amuna, kupanga umuna, wotchedwa spermatogenesis, kumayamba msinkhu, paunyamata ndikupitilira mpaka kumwalira. Spermatogenesis cycle imatha masiku 64, motero zimatenga miyezi iwiri ndi theka kuti testis ipange umuna. Ndipo machende amapanga mosalekeza. Ngakhale kupanga kumakhala kosiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwapakati kumawonedwa kuti ndi umuna wa mamiliyoni 100 patsiku.

Mayesowa amatulutsa umuna, komanso madzi amadzimadzi omwe amapangidwa ndi ma seminal vesicles ndi prostate. Kusakaniza kumeneku kumapanga umuna. Amapangidwa ndi madzimadzi 90% opatsa thanzi komanso 10% ya umuna.

Masewera ndi ma cell apadera omwe ntchito yawo ndikuonetsetsa kuti anthu akubereka. Kuti umuna uchitike, umuna uyenera kukhudzana ndi dziralo ndikuphatikizana nalo. Umuna umodzi umalandiridwa ndi dzira, lomwe limatsekedwa likangolowa munjira ina.

Pa nthawi yogonana, amatha kulumikizana ndi magemu a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo wina amalankhula za umuna, womwe ungatulutse munthu watsopano.

Pali milandu yambiri pomwe magemu achimuna ndi achikazi amatha kuwonetsa zodetsa nkhawa. Mwina popanga, kusowa kapena kuchepa kwa umuna, kapena ova kuti apange umuna. Umuna suli wokwanira kufikira dzira, kuyika dzira pamalo olakwika.

Palinso zofooka za majini, zomwe zimakhudza kusokonezeka kwamtsogolo kapena matenda amtundu wa mwana wosabadwa, izi ndi zomwe zimachitika ndi Trisomy 21. Nthawi zambiri kamwana kameneka sikamanyamulidwa ndi thupi la mayi yemwe wazindikira kuti ali ndi vuto.

Kuyezetsa magazi kumachitika magawo osiyanasiyana a mimba kuti ateteze zovuta zakubadwa.

Chopereka cha Gamete chimakhudza maanja azaka zobereka omwe ayenera kufunafuna chithandizo chamankhwala, mwina chifukwa chakuti m'modzi mwa okwatiranawo ali ndi vuto lakusabereka, kapena chifukwa choti ali ndi chiopsezo chotenga matenda oopsa kwambiri kwa mwanayo kapena kwa m'modzi mwa okwatiranawo.

Monga zopereka zina zonse za zinthu ndi zinthu za thupi la munthu, zopereka za gametes ndizochitika za mgwirizano, zoyendetsedwa ndi mfundo zazikulu za lamulo la bioethics: kusadziwika, kumasuka ndi kuvomereza.

Chiwerengero cha mabanja omwe akudikirira zopereka zamagetsi ndikusowa kwa zopereka ndichowonadi. Chiwerengero cha maanja omwe adalembetsedwa pamndandanda waodikirira malo ovomerezeka chikuwonjezeka chaka chilichonse. Ndondomeko yautumiki ya 2017-2021 yokhudza kubereka imapereka patsogolo pakupanga zopereka za gamete kuti zithandizire kudzikwaniritsa.