GDP. Mutu 9

Buku la "Introduction to Psychology". Olemba - RL Atkinson, RS Atkinson, EE Smith, DJ Boehm, S. Nolen-Hoeksema. Pansi pa ukonzi wamkulu wa VP Zinchenko. 15th edition international, St. Petersburg, Prime Eurosign, 2007.

Mtundu wa anthu wachita zinthu zazikulu kwambiri chifukwa cha luso la kupanga, kulankhulana, ndi kuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi malingaliro ovuta. Kuganiza kumaphatikizapo ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamaganizo. Timaganiza tikamayesa kuthetsa vuto lomwe laperekedwa m'kalasi; timaganiza pamene tikulota poyembekezera zochitika izi m'kalasi. Timaganiza tikamasankha zoti tigule ku golosale, tikamakonzekera tchuthi, polemba kalata, kapena tikamada nkhawa._:za ubale wovuta.

Malingaliro ndi magulu: zomangira zoganiza

Lingaliro limatha kuwonedwa ngati "chinenero chamalingaliro". Ndipotu zinenero zambiri zoterezi n’zotheka. Imodzi mwa mitundu ya malingaliro ikufanana ndi kuyenda kwa mawu omwe "timamva m'maganizo mwathu"; imatchedwa kuganiza mongoganizira chifukwa imasonyeza malingaliro kapena ziganizo. Wina akafuna - ophiphiritsa kuganiza - limafanana zithunzi, makamaka zooneka anthu, kuti "tikuwona" m'maganizo mwathu. Pomaliza, pali mwina lachitatu akafuna - galimoto kuganiza, lolingana ndi zinayendera «maganizo kayendedwe» (Bruner, Olver, Greenfield neri Al, 1966). Ngakhale chidwi china chaperekedwa pa kuganiza zamagalimoto mwa ana pophunzira magawo a kakulidwe kachidziwitso, kafukufuku wokhudza kuganiza mwa akulu ayang'ana kwambiri njira zina ziwirizo, makamaka kuganiza mozama. Onani →

Kukambitsirana

Tikamaganiza m'malingaliro, kutsatizana kwa malingaliro kumakonzedwa. Nthawi zina bungwe la malingaliro athu limatsimikiziridwa ndi kapangidwe ka kukumbukira kwanthawi yayitali. Lingaliro loitana atate wanu, mwachitsanzo, limatsogolera ku kukumbukira kukambitsirana kwaposachedwa ndi iwo kunyumba kwanu, komwe kumatsogolera ku lingaliro la kukonza chipinda chapamwamba m'nyumba mwanu. Koma mayanjano okumbukira si njira yokhayo yolinganiza malingaliro. Chochititsa chidwi ndi chikhalidwe cha zochitikazo pamene tikuyesera kulingalira. Apa ndondomeko ya malingaliro nthawi zambiri imakhala ngati kulungamitsidwa, momwe mawu amodzi amayimira mawu kapena mawu omaliza omwe tikufuna kufotokoza. Mawu otsalawo ndi maziko a chitsimikiziro ichi, kapena maziko a mfundo iyi. Onani →

Maganizo achilengedwe

Kuwonjezera pa kuganiza mu mawonekedwe a mawu, munthu akhoza kuganiza mu mawonekedwe a zithunzi, makamaka zithunzi.

Ambiri aife timamva kuti mbali ina ya kuganiza kwathu imachitika mwachiwonekere. Nthawi zambiri zimawoneka kuti timapanganso malingaliro kapena tizidutswa ta m'mbuyomu ndiyeno timazipanga ngati kuti zinali zenizeni. Kuti mumvetse bwino nthawiyi, yesani kuyankha mafunso atatu otsatirawa:

1. Kodi makutu a German Shepherd ndi otani?
2. Mupeza kalata yanji mukatembenuza likulu la N 90 degrees?
3. Kodi makolo anu ali ndi mazenera angati pabalaza lawo?

Poyankha funso loyamba, anthu ambiri amati amapanga zithunzi chithunzi cha German Shepherd mutu ndi «yang'anani» pa makutu kudziwa mawonekedwe awo. Poyankha funso lachiwiri, anthu amanena kuti choyamba kupanga chifaniziro cha likulu N, ndiye m'maganizo «atembenuza» madigiri 90 ndi «kuyang'ana» pa izo kudziwa zimene zinachitika. Ndipo poyankha funso lachitatu, anthu amanena kuti amaganiza chipinda ndiyeno «scan» chithunzichi powerenga mazenera (Kosslyn, 1983; Shepard & Cooper, 1982).

Zitsanzo zomwe zili pamwambazi zimachokera ku malingaliro okhudzidwa, koma iwo ndi umboni wina amasonyeza kuti zowonetsera zomwezo zimakhudzidwa ndi zithunzi monga momwe amaonera (Finke, 1985). The zithunzi za zinthu ndi malo malo muli zithunzi zambiri: tikuwona German shepherd, likulu N kapena pabalaza makolo athu «mu maganizo athu maso». Kuphatikiza apo, maopareshoni omwe timachita ndi zithunzizi zikufanana ndi zomwe zimachitika ndi zinthu zenizeni zowoneka: timajambula chithunzi cha chipinda cha makolo mofanana ndi momwe timaonera chipinda chenichenicho, ndipo timazungulira. chifaniziro cha likulu N mofanana ndi momwe timazungulira chikanakhala chinthu chenicheni. Onani →

Kuganiza mu Ntchito: Kuthetsa Mavuto

Kwa anthu ambiri, kuthetsa mavuto kumayimira kudziganiza nokha. Pothetsa mavuto, timayesetsa kukwaniritsa cholingacho, osati kukhala ndi njira yokonzekera kuti tichipeze. Tiyenera kuphwanya cholingacho kukhala zolinga zazing'ono, ndipo mwinamwake kugawaniza zolinga zazing'onozi mpaka zing'onozing'ono mpaka titafika pamlingo womwe tili ndi njira zofunikira (Anderson, 1990).

Mfundo zimenezi tingazifotokoze mwa chitsanzo cha vuto losavuta. Tiyerekeze kuti mukufunika kuthana ndi kuphatikiza kosadziwika kwa loko ya digito. Mumangodziwa kuti pali manambala 4 mu kuphatikiza uku ndipo mutangoyimba nambala yolondola, mumamva kudina. Cholinga chonse ndikupeza kuphatikiza. M'malo moyesa manambala 4 mwachisawawa, anthu ambiri amagawa cholinga chonse kukhala zigoli zazing'ono 4, chilichonse chikugwirizana ndi kupeza chimodzi mwa manambala 4 ophatikiza. Cholinga chaching'ono choyamba ndikupeza chiwerengero choyamba, ndipo muli ndi njira yokwaniritsira, yomwe ndi kutembenuza loko pang'onopang'ono mpaka mutamva kudina. Cholinga chachiwiri ndikupeza chiwerengero chachiwiri, ndipo njira yomweyi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa izi, ndi zina zotero ndi ziganizo zonse zotsalira.

Njira zogawira cholinga kukhala zing'onozing'ono ndi nkhani yaikulu pakuphunzira kuthetsa mavuto. Funso lina ndi momwe anthu amaganizira vutolo m'maganizo, popeza kuti kuthetsa vutoli kumadaliranso izi. Nkhani zonse ziwirizi zikuganiziridwanso. Onani →

Mphamvu ya kulingalira pa chinenero

Kodi chinenero chimatiyika ife mu chimango cha dziko lapadera? Malinga ndi kupangidwa kochititsa chidwi kwambiri kwa linguistic determinism hypothesis (Whorf, 1956), galamala ya chilankhulo chilichonse ndi mawonekedwe a metaphysics. Mwachitsanzo, pamene Chingelezi chili ndi mayina ndi maverebu, Nootka amagwiritsa ntchito maverebu okha, pamene Hopi amagawa zenizeni m'magawo awiri: dziko lowonetseratu ndi dziko lapansi. Whorf akutsutsa kuti kusiyana kwa zinenero koteroko kumapanga njira ya kulingalira mwa olankhula mbadwa yomwe ili yosamvetsetseka kwa ena. Onani →

Momwe chinenero chingadziwire ganizo: kugwirizana kwa zinenero ndi linguistic determinism

Palibe amene amatsutsana ndi chiphunzitsocho kuti chilankhulo ndi kuganiza zimakhala ndi chikoka chachikulu pa wina ndi mnzake. Komabe, pali kutsutsana pa mfundo yakuti chinenero chilichonse chimakhala ndi zotsatira zake pa maganizo ndi zochita za anthu amene amachilankhula. Kumbali ina, aliyense amene waphunzira zinenero ziwiri kapena kuposapo amadabwa ndi zinthu zambiri zimene zimasiyanitsa chinenero china ndi chinzake. Kumbali ina, timaganiza kuti njira zowonera dziko lapansi ndizofanana mwa anthu onse. Onani →

Chapter 10

Mukuyendetsa mumsewuwu, kuyesera kuti mupite ku kuyankhulana kofunikira kwa ntchito. Inu munadzuka mochedwa mmawa uno, kotero inu munayenera kudumpha kadzutsa, ndipo tsopano muli ndi njala. Zikuwoneka ngati chikwangwani chilichonse chomwe mungadutse chimatsatsa chakudya - mazira okoma, ma burger otsekemera, madzi ozizira a zipatso. Mimba yanu ikulira, mumayesa kunyalanyaza, koma mukulephera. Ndi kilomita iliyonse, kumverera kwa njala kumakulirakulira. Mumatsala pang'ono kugunda galimoto yomwe ili patsogolo panu mukuyang'ana malonda a pizza. Mwachidule, muli m'manja mwa chikhalidwe cholimbikitsa chomwe chimadziwika kuti njala.

Chilimbikitso ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chimayendetsa ndikuwongolera machitidwe athu. Onani →