Momwe ndi chifukwa chake anthu adayenera kukhala mwamtendere

Tikamaonera nkhani pa TV, timaganiza kuti tikukhala m’dziko limene mikangano ndi ziwawa zili ponseponse. Komabe, ngati tidzipenda tokha ndi kuphunzira mbiri ya zamoyo zathu, zimakhala kuti, poyerekeza ndi anyani ena, ndife zolengedwa zamtendere.

Ngati tiyerekezera ife ndi achibale athu apamtima, anyani, tikhoza kuona kuti m'magulu a anthu njira za mgwirizano zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, ndipo chifundo ndi kudzipereka ndizofala kwambiri. Timatha kuthetsa mikangano popanda kuchita zachiwawa kuposa a Kindred.

Akatswiri a zamaganizo a chisinthiko akhala ndi chidwi ndi funso lakuti: Kodi chikhumbo cha mtendere chakhala ndi gawo lotani pa chitukuko cha dziko lathu? Kodi luso losakangana ndi ena limakhudza kusintha kwa dziko lathu? Zisonkhezero, ndi mmene, akutero katswiri wa zamoyo Nathan Lenz.

Asayansi nthawi zonse anali ndi chidwi ndi kusiyana pakati pa anthu ndi achibale awo apamtima pa dziko la zinyama. Koma kodi ndi zifukwa ziti zimene zinasonkhezera munthu wololera kukhala wamtendere koposa makolo ake? Asayansi atchula zinthu zosachepera zisanu ndi chimodzi zimene zachititsa kuti zimenezi zitheke. Koma ndithudi pali zina zambiri, chifukwa mitundu yathu yasintha kwa zaka pafupifupi milioni. Ndani akudziwa zinsinsi zomwe nkhani yake imabisa?

Pafupifupi akatswiri onse amavomereza pazinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zili pamndandandawu, kuyambira akatswiri anthropologists mpaka akatswiri azamisala, kuyambira akatswiri azachipatala mpaka akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu.

1. Luntha, kulankhulana ndi chinenero

Si chinsinsi kuti mitundu yambiri ya nyama yapanga “chinenero” chawochawo kumlingo winawake. Phokoso, manja, mawonekedwe a nkhope - zonsezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyama zambiri, kuchokera ku ma dolphin kupita ku agalu a prairie, Lenz amakumbukira. Koma n’zoonekeratu kuti chinenero cha anthu n’chovuta kwambiri.

Zinyama zina zimatha kufunsa achibale awo kuti afotokoze zomwe zikuchitika, koma izi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kwa iwo. Chinanso ndi zilankhulo za anthu ndi milandu yawo, ziganizo zovuta, nthawi zosiyanasiyana, milandu ndi ma declensions ...

Ofufuza amakhulupirira kuti nzeru, chinenero ndi kukhalirana mwamtendere n’zogwirizana kwambiri. Zikafika ku anyani, kukula kwa ubongo (poyerekeza ndi kulemera kwa thupi lonse) kumayenderana ndi kukula kwa gulu lomwe amakhalamo. Ndipo mfundo iyi, malinga ndi akatswiri a chisinthiko, imasonyeza mwachindunji mgwirizano pakati pa luso la anthu ndi luso lachidziwitso.

Mikangano m’magulu akulu imachitika mowirikiza kuposa ang’onoang’ono. Kutha kuwathetsa mwamtendere kumafuna nzeru zapamwamba za chikhalidwe cha anthu, chifundo chapamwamba komanso luso loyankhulana lalikulu kuposa njira zachiwawa.

2. Mgwirizano wampikisano

Mpikisano ndi mgwirizano zingawoneke ngati zotsutsana ndi ife, koma zikafika pamagulu, chirichonse chimasintha. Anthu, monga oimira ena a dziko la zinyama, nthawi zambiri amalumikizana kuti athetse otsutsana nawo. Panthawiyi, zochitika zotsutsana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu (mpikisano) zimasandulika kukhala zolimbikitsa anthu (mgwirizano), akufotokoza Nathan Lentz.

Khalidwe la prosocial ndi lomwe limapindulitsa anthu ena kapena gulu lonse. Kuti muzichita mwanjira imeneyi, muyenera kuvomereza malingaliro a munthu wina, kumvetsetsa zolimbikitsa za ena ndikutha kumvera chisoni. M’pofunikanso kuti tiziyesetsa kulinganiza zosoŵa zathu ndi zosoŵa za ena ndi kupereka kwa ena monga momwe tingawatengere.

Kukweza maluso onsewa kwapangitsa kuti magulu azitha kuchita bwino kupikisana ndi madera ena. Tinadalitsidwa ndi kusankha kwachilengedwe: munthu amakhala wokonda kwambiri komanso wokhoza kupanga kulumikizana kwamalingaliro. Asayansi mwanthabwala amanena za njira izi: "Ochezeka kwambiri amapulumuka."

3. Kupeza makhalidwe a chikhalidwe

Magulu omwe mamembala awo amatha kugwirizana amakhala opambana. "Pozindikira" izi, anthu adayamba kudziunjikira mikhalidwe ina yomwe pambuyo pake idathandizira osati kungokhazikitsa mtendere, komanso kupambana pamipikisano. Ndipo luso ndi chidziwitso ichi chimakula ndikudutsa ku mibadwomibadwo. Nawu mndandanda wazikhalidwe zamunthu zomwe zidathandizira kuchepa kwa mikangano m'magulu ammagulu:

1. luso lophunzirira anthu
2. kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a kakhalidwe m'gulu,
3. kugawanika kwa ntchito,
4. dongosolo la zilango zamakhalidwe omwe amapatuka ku zomwe zimavomerezedwa,
5. kuwonekera kwa mbiri yomwe imakhudza bwino ubereki,
6. kulengedwa kwa zizindikiro zosakhala zamoyo (zikhalidwe), zomwe zimasonyeza kukhala gulu linalake,
7. kuwonekera kwa "mabungwe" osakhazikika mkati mwa gulu lomwe limapindula.

4. "Kukhala m'nyumba" kwa anthu

Kudzilamulira tokha ndi lingaliro lozikidwa pa ziphunzitso za Darwin. Koma tsopano, pamene tiyamba kukhala ndi chidwi chozama mu mbali ya majini ya zoweta, kuti tingathe kumvetsa bwino tanthauzo lake. Tanthauzo la chiphunzitsochi n’loti nthawi ina anthu anakhudzidwa ndi njira zomwezo zimene zinakhudza kuweta nyama.

Zinyama zamakono zoweta sizili zofanana kwambiri ndi zakale zakutchire. Mbuzi, nkhuku, agalu ndi amphaka ndi ofatsa, olekerera komanso sakonda kuchita zachiwawa. Ndipo zidachitika ndendende chifukwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri munthu wakhala akuweta nyama zomvera kwambiri, ndikuchotsa zaukali panjira imeneyi.

Tikayerekeza amasiku ano ndi makolo athu akale, zimakhala kuti ndifenso amtendere komanso olekerera kuposa agogo athu akale. Izi zinapangitsa asayansi kuganiza kuti njira yofanana "yosankha" inakhudzanso anthu: omwe amasonyeza chizoloŵezi chachiwawa adasiyidwa. Koma eni ake a kachitidwe ka prosocial adadalitsidwa.

Mwachilengedwe, lingaliro limeneli limachirikizidwa ndi kusintha kumene tingawone pa zinyama zoweta. Mano awo, zitsulo zamaso ndi mbali zina za muzzle ndi zazing'ono kusiyana ndi zomwe zimayambira kale. Timafanananso pang'ono ndi achibale athu a Neanderthal.

5. Kuchepa kwa testosterone

Inde, sitingathe kuyeza milingo ya testosterone m'mafupa a anthu ndi nyama. Koma pali umboni wosakanizika wosonyeza kuti avareji ya timadzi timeneti yakhala ikucheperachepera m’zaka 300 zapitazi. Mphamvu izi zidawonekera pankhope zathu: makamaka, zinali chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ma testosterone omwe adakhala ozungulira. Ndipo nsidze zathu siziwoneka bwino kwambiri kuposa zomwe makolo athu akale "adavala". Pa nthawi yomweyi, ma testosterone adachepa mwa amuna ndi akazi.

Zimadziwika kuti mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama, kuchuluka kwa testosterone kumalumikizidwa ndi chizolowezi chankhanza, chiwawa komanso kulamulira. Kutsika kwa timadzi timeneti kumawonetsa kukhazikika, kukhazikika. Inde, pali ma nuances, ndipo m'malingaliro a anthu, testosterone imagwira ntchito mokokomeza, komabe pali kugwirizana.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati tiphunzira za anyani ankhanza, okangana ndi achibale awo amtendere omwe amayendetsedwa ndi akazi, timapeza kuti akale ali ndi ma testosterone apamwamba kwambiri kuposa omaliza.

6. Kulekerera kwa alendo

Mbali yofunika kwambiri yomaliza ya anthu imene tiyenera kuitchula ndiyo kukhoza kwathu kulolera ndi kulandira alendo, malinga ngati timawaona ngati anthu a m’dera lathu.

Panthawi ina, magulu a anthu adakula kwambiri, ndipo kusunga zolemba za mamembala awo kunakhala kovuta kwambiri. M’malo mwake, mwamunayo anachita chinthu chodabwitsa ndi chosatheka kwa achibale ake apamtima: anakulitsa chikhutiro chamkati chakuti alendo sali chiwopsezo kwa iye ndi kuti tikhoza kukhala mwamtendere ngakhale ndi amene tilibe nawo ubale.

Ndipo zidachitika kuti milingo yachifundo ndi kusakondana kwakula pakati pa anthu mzaka miliyoni zapitazi. Panthawi imeneyi, khalidwe la prosocial ndi chikhumbo cha mgwirizano pakati pa mamembala a gulu lomwelo zinafalanso. Inde, chiwawa chakhala chiri gawo la moyo wathu, koma pang'onopang'ono chinacheperachepera chifukwa chinali chopindulitsa kwa mitundu yathu.

Kumvetsetsa zomwe zidapangitsa kuti izi ziwonongeke - zonse zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe, majini ndi mahomoni - zidzatithandiza kukhala zolengedwa zamtendere, zomwe zidzatsimikizira kupambana kwa nthawi yaitali kwa mitundu yathu.