Camryn Allen, wasayansi ku National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ku Hawaii, adafufuza koyambirira kwa ntchito yake yotsata mimba mu koalas pogwiritsa ntchito mahomoni. Kenako anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezi kuti athandize ofufuza anzake kudziwa mwamsanga za kugonana kwa akamba am’nyanja.
Simungadziwe kuti kamba ndi chiyani pongomuyang'ana. Kuti mupeze yankho lolondola, laparoscopy nthawi zambiri imafunika - kufufuza ziwalo za mkati mwa kamba pogwiritsa ntchito kamera yaying'ono yomwe imalowetsedwa m'thupi. Allen adazindikira momwe angadziwire kugonana kwa akamba pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za magazi, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kufufuza kugonana kwa akamba ambiri.
Jenda la kamba lomwe limaswa dzira limadziwika ndi kutentha kwa mchenga umene mazirawo amakwirira. Ndipo pamene kusintha kwa nyengo kumayendetsa kutentha padziko lonse lapansi, ofufuza sanadabwe kupeza akamba ambiri achikazi am’nyanja.
Koma Allen ataona zotsatira za kafukufuku wake pachilumba cha Rhine ku Australia - malo akuluakulu komanso ofunikira kwambiri osungira akamba obiriwira ku Pacific - adazindikira momwe zinthu zinalili zovuta. Kutentha kwa mchenga kumeneko kunakwera kwambiri moti chiwerengero cha akamba achikazi chinayamba kupitirira chiwerengero cha amuna ndi chiŵerengero cha 116: 1.
Kuchepetsa mwayi wokhala ndi moyo
Pazonse, mitundu 7 ya akamba amakhala m'nyanja zotentha komanso zotentha, ndipo moyo wawo umakhala wowopsa nthawi zonse, ndipo kutentha kwadziko komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zochita za anthu kwapangitsa kuti izi zikhale zovuta kwambiri.
Akamba am’nyanja amaikira mazira m’magombe amchenga, ndipo ana akamba ambiri saswa n’komwe. Mazirawa amatha kuphedwa ndi majeremusi, kukumbidwa ndi nyama zakutchire, kapena kuphwanyidwa ndi akamba ena omwe amakumba zisa zatsopano. Akamba omwewo omwe adatha kumasuka ku zipolopolo zawo zosalimba adzayenera kupita kunyanja, pangozi yogwidwa ndi mbala kapena raccoon - ndipo nsomba, nkhanu ndi zamoyo zina zanjala zam'madzi zimawadikirira m'madzi. 1% yokha ya ana akamba am'nyanja omwe amakhala ndi moyo mpaka akakula.
Akamba akuluakulu amakumananso ndi zilombo zingapo zachilengedwe monga tiger shark, jaguar ndi anamgumi opha.
Komabe, anali anthu amene anachepetsa kwambiri mwayi wa akamba a m’nyanja kuti akhale ndi moyo.
M’mphepete mwa nyanja kumene akamba amamanga zisa, anthu amamanga nyumba. Anthu amaba mazira m’zisa n’kuzigulitsa pamsika wakuda, amapha akamba akuluakulu pofuna nyama ndi zikopa, zimene amapangira nsapato ndi zikwama. Kuchokera ku zipolopolo za kamba, anthu amapanga zibangili, magalasi, zisa ndi mabokosi amtengo wapatali. Akamba amagwera muukonde wa mabwato ophera nsomba ndipo amafa pansi pa masamba a zombo zazikulu.
Pakali pano, mitundu isanu ndi umodzi mwa isanu ndi iwiri ya akamba am'nyanja amaonedwa kuti ali pangozi. Pafupifupi mitundu yachisanu ndi chiwiri - kamba wobiriwira waku Australia - asayansi alibe chidziwitso chokwanira kuti adziwe momwe alili.
Kafukufuku watsopano - chiyembekezo chatsopano?
Pakafukufuku wina, Allen adapeza kuti m'gulu laling'ono la akamba obiriwira obiriwira kunja kwa San Diego, mchenga wofunda udawonjezera kuchuluka kwa akazi kuchokera ku 65% mpaka 78%. Mchitidwe womwewu wawonedwanso ndi akamba am’nyanja amtundu wa loggerheads kuchokera ku West Africa kupita ku Florida.
Koma palibe amene adafufuzapo kale chiŵerengero chachikulu cha akamba pa Rhine Island. Atafufuza m’derali, Allen ndi Jensen anapanga mfundo zofunika kwambiri.
Akamba akale omwe anaswa mazira zaka 30-40 zapitazo analinso akazi, koma mu chiŵerengero cha 6: 1. Koma akamba ang'onoang'ono abadwa kuposa 20% yaakazi kwa zaka 99 zapitazi. Umboni wosonyeza kuti kukwera kwa kutentha n’kumene kunayambitsa n’chakuti m’dera la Brisbane ku Australia, kumene mchenga ndi wozizirirapo, akazi amaposa amuna ndi chiŵerengero cha 2:1 chabe.
Kafukufuku wina ku Florida anapeza kuti kutentha ndi chinthu chimodzi chokha. Ngati mchenga uli wonyowa komanso wozizira, amuna ambiri amabadwa, ndipo ngati mchenga uli wotentha ndi wouma, akazi ambiri amabadwa.
Chiyembekezo chinaperekedwanso ndi kafukufuku watsopano yemwe adachitika chaka chatha.
Kukhazikika kwanthawi yayitali?
Akamba a m’nyanja akhalapo m’njira imodzi kwa zaka zoposa 100 miliyoni, akupulumuka m’nyengo ya ayezi ngakhalenso kutha kwa ma dinosaurs. Mwachionekere, iwo apanga njira zambiri zopulumutsira, imodzi mwa izo, zikuoneka kuti ingasinthe mmene amakhalira okwatirana.
Pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso a majini kuti aphunzire kagulu kakang'ono ka akamba omwe ali pangozi ku El Salvador, katswiri wofufuza kamba, Alexander Gaos, yemwe amagwira ntchito ndi Allen, adapeza kuti akamba aamuna amakumana ndi akazi ambiri, ndipo pafupifupi 85% ya akazi mwa ana awo.
"Tidapeza kuti njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwa anthu ochepa, omwe ali pachiwopsezo, omwe akuchepa kwambiri," akutero Gaos. "Tikuganiza kuti amangotengera kuti azimayiwo anali ndi chosankha chochepa."
Kodi pali kuthekera kuti khalidweli likulipira kubadwa kwa akazi ambiri? N'zosatheka kunena motsimikiza, koma mfundo yakuti khalidwe lotere ndilotheka ndi latsopano kwa ofufuza.
Panthawiyi, ofufuza ena omwe akuyang'anira dera la Dutch Caribbean apeza kuti kupereka mithunzi yambiri kuchokera kumitengo ya kanjedza pamphepete mwa nyanja kumazizira kwambiri mchenga. Izi zingathandize kwambiri polimbana ndi mavuto omwe alipo panopa a chiŵerengero cha kugonana kwa akamba am'nyanja.
Pamapeto pake, ofufuzawo amapeza kuti zatsopanozi zimalimbikitsa. Akamba am'nyanja atha kukhala mitundu yolimba kwambiri kuposa momwe amaganizira kale.
"Titha kutaya anthu ang'onoang'ono, koma akamba am'nyanja sadzatha konse," Allen akumaliza.
Koma ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti akamba angafunike thandizo lochulukirapo kuchokera kwa ife anthu.