Hypothalamus (kuchokera ku Greek hypo, pansi ndi thalamos, cavity) ndi gland mu ubongo, yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zambiri za thupi.

Ili m'munsi mwa ubongo pansi pa thalamus, hypothalamus ndi gland yogawidwa m'magulu angapo odziimira okha, omwe amapangidwa ndi maselo a mitsempha. Hypothalamus imalumikizidwa ndi chithokomiro cha pituitary, gland ina mu ubongo, kudzera mu tsinde la pitular kupanga axis¹ ya hypothalamic-pituitary.

Udindo wa hypothalamus. Zimakhudzidwa ndi ntchito zambiri za thupi monga kutentha kwa thupi, njala², ludzu, kagonedwe, msambo wa akazi, machitidwe ogonana kapena malingaliro³.

Kugwira ntchito kwa hypothalamus. Imakhala ngati malo olamulira omwe amachitira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimaganiziridwa: mahomoni, mantha, magazi, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zamatsenga, etc. Poyankha zinthu izi, hypothalamus imapanga mahomoni osiyanasiyana omwe adzachita mwachindunji pa ziwalo kapena pa pituitary gland yomwe. adzatulutsa mahomoni ena¹.

Kuwongolera ndi kuwongolera kwa gland pituitary. Hypothalamus imatulutsa ma neurohormones, ma liberins, omwe amagwira ntchito pa pituitary gland mwa kuwongolera katulutsidwe ka mahomoni, zolimbikitsa. Izi zidzalimbikitsa tiziwalo timene timatulutsa m’thupi monga chithokomiro kapena mazira. Ma liberins, opangidwa ndi hypothalamus, makamaka:

• Corticoliberin (CRF) yomwe imayang'anira katulutsidwe ka corticotrophin (ACTH) yomwe imatsogolera ku kaphatikizidwe ka cortisol.
• Thyroliberin (TRH) yomwe imayang'anira kutulutsa kwa chithokomiro cholimbikitsa mahomoni (TSH)
• Gonadotropin release hormone (GnRH) yomwe imayang'anira katulutsidwe ka gonadotropins (FSH ndi LH) zomwe zimalimbikitsa dzira.
• Somatoliberin (GH-RH) yomwe imayang'anira katulutsidwe ka somatotropin, kukula kwa hormone

Kutulutsa kwa mahomoni. Hypothalamus imatulutsa mahomoni awiri omwe pambuyo pake amatulutsidwa ndi pituitary gland m'magazi:

• Vasopressin, mahomoni a antidiuretic, omwe amagwira ntchito mu impso kuti achepetse kutaya madzi
• Oxytocyne, yomwe imayambitsa kutsekeka kwa chiberekero pa nthawi yobereka, komanso zotupa za mammary poyamwitsa

Hypothalamus imapanganso pang'ono dopamine, kalambulabwalo wa prolactin ndi catecholamines (kuphatikiza adrenaline ndi norepinephrine).

Kutenga nawo mbali mu vegetative mantha dongosolo. Hypothalamus imakhala ndi gawo mu dongosolo lamanjenje la vegetative, lomwe limayang'anira ntchito zosadzifunira za thupi monga kuwongolera kugunda kwa mtima kapena kupuma.

Poganizira za ubale wapakati pa hypothalamus ndi pituitary gland, ma pathologies awo amalumikizana kwambiri ndipo amabweretsa kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa mahomoni².

Kutupa. The hypothalamus akhoza kukhudzidwa ndi chotupa, kuchititsa hypothalamic ndiye hyophyseal secretions kusiya. Zizindikiro zimawonetsedwa molingana ndi kukula kwa chotupacho (kupweteka kwamutu, kusokonezeka kwapang'onopang'ono, kusokonezeka kwaubongo) ndi kuchepa kwa mahomoni (kutopa, kusungunuka, kusapezeka kwa msambo).

Hypothalamic syndrome. Kusalinganizika mu hypothalamic system kumatha kukhudza ntchito zosiyanasiyana za thupi monga kuwongolera kutentha kwamkati, kusokoneza ludzu ndi njala (5).

Hyperhydrose. Kutuluka thukuta kwambiri kungawonedwe ngati hyperfunction ya thupi mkati mwa njira yowongolera kutentha, yosinthidwa ndi hypothalamus.

Mahomoni m'malo / Hormone therapy. Thandizo la mahomoni nthawi zambiri limaperekedwa pofuna kuthana ndi kukanika kwa hypothalamus ndi / kapena pituitary gland.

Chithandizo cha opaleshoni kapena radiotherapy. Kutengera chotupacho, opaleshoni kapena chithandizo cha radiation chingafunike.

Mayeso a radiation. A CT scan kapena MRI angapangidwe kuti adziwe chiyambi cha kusokonezeka kwa mahomoni.

Kusanthula kwachipatala. Kuyeza kwa mahomoni kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyesa kukanika kwa mahomoni.

Chiwonetsero cha ubale pakati pa kutulutsidwa kwa mahomoni ndi hypothalamus ndi dongosolo lamanjenje kuyambira zaka za m'ma 50 chifukwa cha ntchito ya Geoffrey Harris (6).